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Organisms are equipped with value systems that signal the salience of environmental cues to their nervous system, causing a change in the nervous system that results in modification of their behaviour. These systems are necessary for an organism to adapt its behaviour when an important environmental event occurs. A value system constitutes a basic assumption of what is good and bad for an agent. These value systems have been effectively used in robotic systems to shape behaviour. For example, many robots have used models of the dopaminergic system to reinforce behaviour that leads to rewards. Other modulatory systems that shape behaviour are acetylcholine’s effect on attention, norepinephrine’s effect on vigilance, and serotonin’s effect on impulsiveness, mood, and risk. Moreover, hormonal systems such as oxytocin and its effect on trust constitute as a value system. We seek to gather papers on research involving neurobiologically inspired robots whose behaviour is: 1) Shaped by value and reward learning, 2) adapted through interaction with the environment, and 3) shaped by extracting value from the environment.

Reinforcement learning. --- Machine learning --- Reinforcement (Psychology) --- Learning classifier systems --- reward-based learning --- basal ganglia --- embodied cognition --- value system --- neurorobotics --- action selection --- Neuromodulation --- reinforcement learning

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This book uses the ecological model of child development together with ethnographic and comparative studies of two small villages, in Italy and the United States, as its framework for examining the well-being of children in the aftermath of the Great Recession. Global forces, far from being distant and abstract, are revealed as wreaking havoc in children's environments even in economically advanced countries. Falling birth rates, deteriorating labor conditions, fraying safety nets, rising rates of child poverty, and a surge in racism and populism in Europe and the United States are explored in the petri dish of the village. Globalization's discontents-unrestrained capitalism and technological change, rising inequality, mass migration, and the juggernaut of climate change-are rapidly destabilizing and degrading the social and physical environments necessary to our collective survival and well-being. This crisis demands a radical restructuring of our macrosystemic value systems. Woodhouse proposes an ecogenerist theory that asks whether our policies and politics foster environments in which children and families can flourish. It proposes, as a benchmark, the family-supportive human-rights principles of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. The book closes by highlighting ways in which individuals can engage at the local and regional levels in creating more just and sustainable worlds that are truly fit for children.

Children's rights. --- Child welfare. --- Children --- Child development. --- Sustainable development. --- Globalization. --- Government policy. --- ACE. --- Adverse Childhood Experiences. --- Anti-immigrant. --- Austerity. --- Backlash. --- Best interest. --- Birth rate. --- Brexit. --- Bronfenbrenner. --- Capitalism. --- Cedar key. --- Child poverty. --- Child-friendly Cities. --- Childcare. --- Childrearing. --- Children’s Voices. --- Children’s rights. --- Circular Economy. --- Climate Change. --- Community. --- Comparative legal method. --- Constitutional rights. --- Demography. --- Depopulation. --- Developmental Equality. --- Discrimination. --- Ecogenerism. --- Ecological Model. --- Ecological. --- Economics. --- Education. --- Environmentalist. --- Ethnography. --- Extended Family. --- Faith community. --- Family policy. --- Fertility. --- Gender roles. --- Globalism. --- Grandparents. --- Grassroots. --- Great Recession. --- Harlem Children’s Zone. --- Housing. --- Human rights. --- Identity. --- Indivisibility. --- Inequality. --- Infant mortality. --- Italy. --- Juvenile justice. --- La Sanita’. --- Malnutrition. --- Maltreatment. --- Maternity Leave. --- Mesosystem. --- Microsystem. --- Migration. --- NEETs. --- Nature. --- Neuroscience. --- OECD. --- Parenthood. --- Paternity Leave. --- Peer Group. --- Play. --- Preschool. --- Public/Private. --- Race. --- Recession. --- Right to adoption. --- Right to education. --- Right to family. --- Right to identity. --- Right to inclusion. --- Right to participation. --- Right to play. --- Scanno. --- Social cohesion. --- Social policy. --- Sociology. --- Solidarity. --- Sustainability. --- Technology. --- Tradition. --- UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. --- United States. --- Urban. --- Value System. --- Vulnerability Theory. --- Well-being. --- childhood enders. --- Childhood --- Kids (Children) --- Pedology (Child study) --- Youngsters --- Age groups --- Families --- Life cycle, Human --- Global cities --- Globalisation --- Internationalization --- International relations --- Anti-globalization movement --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable development --- Sustainable economic development --- Economic development --- Child study --- Development, Child --- Developmental biology --- Child protective services --- Child protective services personnel --- CPS (Child protective services) --- Humane societies --- Protection of children --- Family policy --- Public welfare --- Social work with children --- Social work with youth --- Child rights --- Children's human rights --- Children's rights --- Rights of children --- Rights of the child --- Human rights --- Environmental aspects --- Development --- Charities --- Charities, protection, etc. --- Protection --- Civil rights --- Law and legislation --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Sociology / General. --- Children's Voices. --- Harlem Children's Zone. --- La Sanita'.