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In the first two months of 2021, the production of COVID-19 vaccines has suffered setbacks delaying the implementation of national inoculation strategies. These delays have revealed the concentration of vaccine manufacture in a small club of producer nations, which in turn has implications for the degree to which cross-border value chains can deter more aggressive forms of Vaccine Nationalism, such as export curbs. This paper documents the existence of this club, taking account of not just the production of final vaccines but also the ingredients of and items needed to manufacture and distribute COVID-19 vaccines. During 2017-19, vaccine producing nations sourced 88 percent of their key vaccine ingredients from other vaccine producing trading partners. Combined with the growing number of mutations of COVID-19 and the realization that this coronavirus is likely to become a permanent endemic global health threat, this finding calls for a rethink of the policy calculus towards ramping up the production and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, its ingredients, and the various items needed to deliver them. The more approved vaccines that are safely produced, the smaller will be the temptation to succumb to zero-sum Vaccine Nationalism.
Coronavirus --- COVID-19 Vaccination --- Disease Control and Prevention --- Export Ban --- Export Control --- Health Care Services Industry --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Immunizations --- Industry --- International Economics and Trade --- Lipids --- MRNA --- Nitrile Glove --- Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics --- Rules of Origin --- Syringe --- Trade Policy --- Vaccine Nationalism --- Vaccine Production --- Value Chain --- Vial
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This open access book is a collection of research papers on COVID-19 by Germán Velásquez from 2020 and early 2021 that help to answer the question: How can an agency like the World Health Organization (WHO) be given a stronger voice to exercise authority and leadership? The considerable health, economic and social challenges that the world faced at the beginning of 2020 with COVID-19 continued and worsened in many parts of the world in the second-half of 2020 and into 2021. Many of these countries and nations wanted to explore COVID-19 on their own, sometimes without listening to the main international health bodies such as WHO, an agency of the United Nations system with long-standing experience and vast knowledge at the global level and of which all countries in the world are members. In this single volume, the chapters present the progress of thinking and debate — particularly in relation to drugs and vaccines — that would enable a response to the COVID-19 pandemic or to subsequent crises that may arise. Among the topics covered: COVID-19 Vaccines: Between Ethics, Health and Economics Medicines and Intellectual Property: 10 Years of the WHO Global Strategy Re-thinking Global and Local Manufacturing of Medical Products After COVID-19 Rethinking R&D for Pharmaceutical Products After the Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 Shock Intellectual Property and Access to Medicines and Vaccines The World Health Organization Reforms in the Time of COVID-19 Vaccines, Medicines and COVID-19: How Can WHO Be Given a Stronger Voice? is essential reading for negotiators from the 194 member countries of the World Health Organization (WHO); World Trade Organization (WTO) and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) staff participating in these negotiations; academics and students of public health, medicine, health sciences, law, sociology and political science; and intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations that follow the issue of access to treatments and vaccines for COVID-19.
COVID-19 (Disease) --- Medical policy. --- Vaccines. --- Social aspects. --- 2019-nCoV disease --- 2019 novel coronavirus disease --- Coronavirus disease-19 --- Coronavirus disease 2019 --- COVID-19 virus disease --- COVID19 (Disease) --- Novel coronavirus disease, 2019 --- SARS coronavirus 2 disease --- SARS-CoV-2 disease --- Coronavirus infections --- Respiratory infections --- Biologicals --- Health care policy --- Health policy --- Medical care --- Medicine and state --- Policy, Medical --- Public health --- Public health policy --- State and medicine --- Science and state --- Social policy --- Government policy --- COVID-19 Coronavirus pandemic --- access to affordable essential medicines --- Vaccine nationalism and vaccine safety --- World Health Organization reform --- Biosimilars and biotherapeutics --- COVAX Facility --- COVID-19 diagnostics --- Global health preparedness --- Article 19 of the WHO Constitution --- access to COVID-19 tools (ACT) accelerator --- Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) --- Inter-Governmental Working Group (IGWG) --- Patentability criteria --- Pharmaceutical sovereignty --- Research and Development (R&D) --- Universal Health Coverage (UHC) --- World Health Assembly (WHA) --- World Trade Organization (WTO) --- non-governmental organization (NGOs) --- Open Access --- Medicine, Preventive. --- Health promotion. --- Vaccines --- Biomaterials. --- Public health. --- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. --- Health Policy. --- Biomaterials-Vaccines. --- Public Health. --- Biotechnology. --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Vaccine biotechnology --- Biotechnology --- Health promotion programs --- Health promotion services --- Promotion of health --- Wellness programs --- Preventive health services --- Health education --- Disease prevention --- Diseases --- Prevention of disease --- Preventive medicine --- Pathology --- Preventive medicine physicians --- Prevention --- COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020 --- -Political aspects. --- -COVID-19 --- Pandèmia de COVID-19, 2020 --- -Vacunes --- Condicions socials --- Political aspects. --- COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020-2023. --- COVID-19
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