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Long description: Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit den grundlegenden Eigenschaften des Nutzenkonzeptes und seine Anwendbarkeit auf die Erklärung von Entscheidungen unter Risiko. In Experimentellen Untersuchungen wird analysiert, inwiefern Präferenzen über nicht monetäre Konsequenzen mit gängigen Modellierungen von Nutzenfunktionen erklärt werden können. Dabei wird gezeigt, das insbesondere Zeit als wichtiger ökonomischer Faktor ebenfalls über eine Nutzenfunktion modelliert werden kann. Weiterhin werden zwei Anomalien gezeigt, die nicht durch Nutzenfunktionen beschrieben werden. Zunächst zeigen experimentelle Ergebnisse zum St. Petersburg Spiel, dass die Krümmung von Nutzenfunktionen das Entscheidungsverhalten bei St. Petersburg Lotterien nicht erklären kann. Weiterhin wird der Einfluss irrelevanter Alternativen auf das Entscheidungsverhalten gezeigt. Damit wird deutlich, dass das Entscheidungsverhalten systematisch durch den Kontext der Entscheidung beeinflusst wird. Auch dieser Effekt kann nicht durch die Modellierung einer Nutzenfunktion beschrieben werden. Insgesamt kann gezeigt werden, dass Nutzenfunktionen hilfreich sind Entscheidungsverhalten zu modellieren und dabei nicht auf monetäre Konsequenzen beschränkt sind. Jedoch finden sich systematische Verletzungen der Axiomatik der Nutzentheorie, die eine experimentelle Überprüfung der Anomalien notwendig machen.
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A number of studies have examined the implications of preference interdependence. This paper models individual utility as depending either on the level of other people's consumption or on the difference in consumption levels. It assumes that the impact of an increase in other people's consumption on individual utility diminishes with the level of consumption, raising individual utility when that consumption is very small and lowering it when that consumption is very large. Based on that plausible assumption, the paper shows that, whether individual utility depends on the level of other people's consumption or on the difference in consumption levels, (1) welfare declines with inequality, (2) equilibrium inequality is inefficient, and (3) the optimal intervention leads to a more equal distribution. Implications for the role of development institutions are examined. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to examine the impact of inequality on efficiency.
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A number of studies have examined the implications of preference interdependence. This paper models individual utility as depending either on the level of other people's consumption or on the difference in consumption levels. It assumes that the impact of an increase in other people's consumption on individual utility diminishes with the level of consumption, raising individual utility when that consumption is very small and lowering it when that consumption is very large. Based on that plausible assumption, the paper shows that, whether individual utility depends on the level of other people's consumption or on the difference in consumption levels, (1) welfare declines with inequality, (2) equilibrium inequality is inefficient, and (3) the optimal intervention leads to a more equal distribution. Implications for the role of development institutions are examined. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to examine the impact of inequality on efficiency.
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Utility-based theory and the fallback choice-theoretic framework are shown to be biased, irremediably flawed and misleading. A radically different theory of value and of consumer behaviour is proposed based on existential interpretations of scarcity, value and self-interest. For self-conscious mortals, only time is scarce. All other is derivative scarcity. Value is in the life, as a knowledge extract of time, which goes into commodities as direct human labour and depreciated capital, through their production. By structuring their preferences, consumers try to confiscate more of such
Utility theory. --- Value. --- Economics.
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This Element offers an accessible but technically detailed review of expected utility theory (EU), which is a model of individual decision-making under uncertainty that is central for both economics and philosophy. The Element's approach falls between the history of ideas and economic methodology. At the historical level, it reviews EU by following its conceptual evolution from its original formulation in the eighteenth century through its transformations and extensions in the mid-twentieth century to its more recent supersession by post-EU theories such as prospect theory. In reconstructing the history of EU, it focuses on the methodological issues that have accompanied its evolution, such as whether the utility function and the other components of EU correspond to actual mental entities. On many of these issues, no consensus has yet been reached, and in this Element the author offers his view on them.
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Models of Risk Preferencescollects studies that critically review alternatives to Expected Utility Theory from the perspective of experimental economics.
Risk --- Utility theory --- Mathematical models.
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Distributive justice. --- Income distribution. --- Utility theory --- Taxation
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Economic schools --- Utility theory --- Economics - History --- Economics
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