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#A0406A --- 443 Openbaar vervoer --- Transportation --- User charges. --- Infrastructure (Economics) --- Taxation. --- Finance. --- Charges, User --- Fees, User --- Fees and charges (User charges) --- User fees --- Transportation tax --- Fees, Administrative --- User charges --- Finance --- Taxation

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Now that railway infrastructure and train operations have been separated in Europe -- at least for accounting purposes -- user charges for infrastructure are progressively being introduced to cover the costs of running trains. However, because of the lack of experience in this field, it is difficult to set the amount and choose the most appropriate form for these charges. There are in fact major differences between countries, and the objectives are many and sometimes conflicting. Given this situation, the Round Table sought to highlight, through its introductory reports and discussions, some essential economic principles that can help to shed light on what a rational system of user charges for railway infrastructure might be and thereby make it possible to address a crucial aspect of railway reform in Europe. Special attention is paid to the German, French, British and Swedish experience.

Transport --- Railroads --- User charges --- Business & Economics --- Transportation Economics --- Finance --- Charges, User --- Fees, User --- Fees and charges (User charges) --- User fees --- Iron horses (Railroads) --- Lines, Railroad --- Rail industry --- Rail lines --- Rail transportation --- Railroad industry --- Railroad lines --- Railroad transportation --- Railway industry --- Railways --- Fees, Administrative --- Communication and traffic --- Concessions --- Public utilities --- Transportation --- Trusts, Industrial

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Intergovernmental fiscal relations --- Local taxation --- Municipal finance --- User charges --- Charges, User --- Fees, User --- Fees and charges (User charges) --- User fees --- Fees, Administrative --- Finance, Municipal --- Local finance --- Municipal taxation --- Taxation, Local --- Taxation, Municipal --- Taxation --- Federal-state fiscal relations --- Fiscal relations, Intergovernmental --- State-local fiscal relations --- Federal government --- Finance, Public --- Law and legislation --- Public finance --- Taxes --- Developing countries

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The health equity and financial protection datasheets provide a picture of equity and financial protection in the health sectors of low-and middle-income countries. Topics covered include: inequalities in health outcomes, health behavior and health care utilization; benefit incidence analysis; financial protection; and the progressivity of health care financing. The tables in this report show how health outcomes, risky behaviors and health care utilization vary across asset (wealth) quintiles and periods. The quintiles are based on an asset index constructed using principal components analysis. Benefit-Incidence Analysis (BIA) shows whether, and by how much, government health expenditure disproportionately benefits the poor. The distribution of subsidies depends on the assumptions made to allocate subsidies to households. Under the constant unit cost assumption, each unit of utilization is assumed to cost the same and is equal to total costs incurred in delivering this type of service divided by the number of units of utilization.

Breast Cancer --- Cervical Cancer --- Child Health --- Diabetes --- Diarrhea --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Gender --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Income --- Household Surveys --- Infant Mortality --- Living Standards --- Malaria --- Measles --- Mortality --- Obesity --- Polio --- Poverty Reduction --- Purchasing Power --- Purchasing Power Parity --- Tuberculosis --- User Fees --- Violence

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By international standards, and given its relatively low per capita income, Vietnam has achieved substantial reductions in, and low levels of, infant and under-five mortality. Wagstaff and Nguyen review existing evidence and provide new evidence on whether, under the economic liberalization program known as Doi Moi, this reduction in child mortality has been sustained. They conclude that it has, but that the gains have been concentrated among the better-off. As a result, socioeconomic inequalities in child survival are evident in Vietnam-a change from the early 1990s when none were apparent. The authors develop survival models to find the causes of this differential decline in child mortality, and conclude that a number of factors have been at work, including reductions among the poor (but not among the better-off) in coverage of health services and in women's educational attainment. They argue that if the experience of the late 1990s is a guide to the future, the lack of progress among the poor will jeopardize Vietnam's chances of achieving the international development goals for child mortality. The authors examine various policy scenarios, including expanding coverage of health services, water and sanitation, and find that such measures, while useful, will have only a limited effect on the mortality of poor children. They find that programs aimed at narrowing the gap between the poor and better-off may have large beneficial effects on the various determinants of child survival. This paper-a product of Public Services, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to investigate the links between health and poverty. The authors may be contacted at awagstaff@worldbank.org or nnga@worldbank.org.

Child Mortality --- Child Survival --- Development Assistance --- Development Goals --- Economic Growth --- Educational Attainment --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health Services --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Infant --- International Trade --- Mortality --- Policy --- Population Policies --- Poverty --- Progress --- Public Health --- Public Health Services --- Sanitation --- Socioeconomic Inequalities --- User Fees --- Women