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Transport is traditionally a male-dominated sector. The realization that the sector and its subsystems have been conceived, designed, and matured from either a male-oriented or a gender-neutral perspective is thus unsurprising. In Kenya, discussion about gender and related aspects has been on the rise since the formulation of the Integrated National Transport Sector Policy (2009), which acknowledged that gender inequality exists in access and mobility, particularly in informal urban settlements in Kenya. There is ample potential for the transport sector to generate significant changes in women's productivity and empowerment, while ensuring equitable access to opportunities is offered for both men and women. This is what Kenya's Vision 2030, the country's blueprint for development, advocates for and is committed to enact. This study encompasses two independent analyses on mobility and employment in urban transport for the Kenyan capital context. Its findings are presented in two volumes. Volume 1 presents Mobility and Volume presents Employment.

Affordability --- Gender --- Mobility --- National Urban Development Policies and Strategies --- Urban Development --- Urban Transit

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The need for more sustainable and integrative planning processes as a way of dealing with the complexity of urban mobility has been widely recognized. Within the European Union (EU) there has been an enhanced focus on urban mobility solutions where local authorities move away from past 'silo approaches' and develop approaches that can stimulate a shift towards cleaner and more sustainable transport modes, in line with the EU's 2013 Urban Mobility Package and Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs).As people choose to move away from cities to the periphery or to neighboring municipalities, it becomes critical that the organization of urban transport services, including commuter rail, is coordinated within functional urban areas based on travel-to-work patterns and not be limited to a city's administrative area.International experience suggests that public transport planners must recognize two integration dimensions: (a) integration among all modes and routes comprising the multi-modal public transport network, (b) integration of the public transport offer within a functional urban area, such that the public transport offer matches the mobility requirements of passengers. Successful integration in both dimensions will provide a more customer-friendly experience and make public transport more efficient and cost-effective.The objective of this Report is to assess barriers to fare integration and impediments to integrated service planning. More specifically, it aims to: analyze the current legal framework, review current fare discount policy and public financing of such discounts, identify legal obstacles to fare integration; present examples of European best practice in the area of public transport integration; and provide recommendations to remove barriers to fare and ticketing integration.The World Bank identified six key recommendations aimed at incentivizing public transport integration: i) Introducing uniform statutory fare discount system. ii) Reforming the system for financing statutory fare discounts. iii) Removing barriers to cooperation among different levels of self-government. iv) Strengthening local authorities responsible for transport and creating open integration platforms. v) Protecting PSO Operators from creaming skimming. vi)Promote fare integration. Changing the status quo will require significant changes to the legal environment for public transport aimed at removing barriers to integration.

City Development Strategies --- National Urban Development Policies and Strategies --- Regional Urban Development --- Urban Development

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The World Bank Group (WBG) has long recognized that the restoration and preservationof cultural heritage, urban regeneration, and sustainable tourism can play a vital role in developing countries' efforts to promote local economic development, accelerate social integration, and alleviate poverty. Against this backdrop, this research report sheds light on lessons learned from the development experience of Kyoto City, the imperial capital of Japan for more than a thousand years and home to 14 well conserved UNESCO World Heritage sites and many historic districts.

Cultural Heritage --- Cultural Heritage And Preservation --- Cultural Policy --- Culture In Sustainable Development --- National Urban Development Policies And Strategies --- Urban Development

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The increased urbanization and economic activity in Yangon and Mandalay in the past decade may be potentially hampered by the negative externalities associated with increased motorization, including long travel times disproportionately affecting public transport users and access to jobs and services, and increasing traffic related accidents and air pollutants and emissions. A forward-looking, actionable, and financially viable sustainable urban mobility strategy for Yangon and Mandalay is a fundamental component to support sustainable and inclusive urbanization in Myanmar over the next decade. Without such a strategy and corresponding investment program being made available, the quality of life and access to jobs, opportunities, and services in Yangon and Mandalay will become increasingly difficult, particularly for the poor. This report calls for urgent actions for Yangon and Mandalay to seize the window of opportunity brought by a growing economy and put forward financially viable and corresponding funding and financing schemes for sustainable urban mobility programs aiming to provide efficient, equitable, clean, and safe mobility for the urban population in the two major cities in Myanmar.

Infrastructure --- National Urban Development Policies and Strategies --- Public Transit --- Railways --- Transport --- Urban Development --- Urban Economic Development --- Urban Planning

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Mandalay is the second-largest city in Myanmar and a gateway to the Bay of Bengal to neighboring economic hubs. Rapid economic and demographic growth, paired with the relaxation of import restrictions for new and used two, three, and four-wheeler has resulted in rapidly declining conditions for urban transport. Motorization and vehicle intensity use, congestion, emissions, and traffic-related injuries are hampering well-being and competitiveness. Unless action is taken, Mandalay will consolidate as a motorcycle-only city, posing challenges for the excluded and vulnerable. The report calls for urgent actions to seize the window of opportunity brought by a growing economy and put forward actionable, simple, and affordable strategies aiming to provide efficient, equitable, clean, and safe mobility for Myanmar' largest urban agglomerations. This overview note presents highlights of the report for Mandalay. It can support policy discussions on improving urban transport with proportional funding and financing and financing options suited to a bold vision for Mandalay.

Infrastructure --- National Urban Development Policies and Strategies --- Public Transit --- Transport --- Urban Development --- Urban Economic Development --- Urban Planning