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Millions of people emigrate every year in search of better economic and social opportunities. Anecdotal evidence suggests that emigrants may have over-optimistic expectations about the incomes they can earn abroad, resulting in excessive migration pressure, and in disappointment among those who do migrate. Yet there is almost no statistical evidence on how accurately these emigrants predict the incomes that they will earn working abroad. In this paper the authors combine a natural emigration experiment with unique survey data on would-be emigrants' probabilistic expectations about employment and incomes in the migration destination. Their procedure enables them to obtain moments and quantiles of the subjective distribution of expected earnings in the destination country. The authors find a significant underestimation of both unconditional and conditional labor earnings at all points in the distribution. This underestimation appears driven in part by potential migrants placing too much weight on the negative employment experiences of some migrants, and by inaccurate information flows from extended family, who may be trying to moderate remittance demands by understating incomes.

Accurate Information --- Annual Income --- Bank --- Consumer --- Consumer Goods --- Demands --- Earnings --- Economic Theory and Research --- Education --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Fiscal and Monetary Policy --- Health Systems Development and Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Income --- Income --- Incomes --- Information --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Money --- Population --- Population Policies --- Probabilities --- Public Sector Development --- Remittances --- Sales --- Savings --- Social Protections and Labor --- Spending --- Stock --- Unrealistic Expectations

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The book provides a rich, informative picture of the current state of student engagement evaluation, while also highlighting challenges and opportunities for future advances. A particular strength of this publication is its emphasis on the importance of taking evidence-based decisions, and showing how the South African Survey of Student Engagement (SASSE) can provide the evidence for well-informed changes in policy and practice in order to enhance student success." - Prof Magda Fourie-Malherbe, Stellenbosch University

Higher & further education, tertiary education --- Academics --- Academic achievement --- Academic advising --- Academic advisors --- Academic challenge --- Academic development --- Academic literacy --- Academic performance --- Academic support --- Access --- Academic staff (also see academics/Lecturers) --- Actionable --- Active learning --- Agency --- Aggregated --- Analyse --- Apply --- Ask questions --- Assessment --- Attitude --- Australasian Survey of Student Engagement (AUSSE) --- Beginning University Survey of Student Engagement (BUSSE) --- Benchmarking --- Bloom’s taxonomy --- Business --- economics and management --- Campus environment --- Capacity --- Career advisors --- Challenges --- Classroom activities --- Classroom Survey of Student Engagement (CLASSE) --- Co-curricular (also see extra-curricular) --- Cognitive --- Cognitive development --- Cognitive educational activities --- Cognitive functions --- Cognitive skills --- Collaborative learning --- Colleges --- Community college --- Comprehensive universities --- Conditional formatting --- Contextual --- Contextual challenges --- Contextualised --- Council on Higher Education (CHE) --- Course (module/subject) --- Critical thinking --- Culture --- Curriculum --- Data --- Data-informed --- Decision-making --- Decolonisation --- Deep learning --- Department chairs (heads of departments) --- Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) --- Development --- Developmental outcomes --- Diagnostic --- Disaggregating --- Discussions --- Discussion with diverse others --- Dropout --- Education outcomes --- Effective educational behaviours --- Effective educational practices --- Effective leadership --- Effective teaching practices --- Empirical --- Engagement – also see Student Engagement --- Engineering --- Equity --- Equitable outcomes --- Evaluate --- Evidence --- Evidence-based --- Expectations --- Expected academic difficulty --- Expected academic perseverance --- Experiential learning --- Experience with staff --- Extended degree --- Extended curricula --- Extra-curricular (also see co-curricular) --- Financial Stress Scale --- First-generation --- First-year --- Food --- Food insecurity --- Frequency --- Freshman myth --- Gender --- Graduate attributes (Learning outcomes) --- Group work --- Heads of departments --- High-Impact practices --- Higher education outcomes --- Higher-Order Learning --- Holistic --- Humanities --- Incentive --- Indicators --- Innovation --- Innovative --- Instructional paradigm --- Interactions --- Interventions --- Institutional culture --- Institutional performance --- Institutional research --- Institutional researchers --- Institution-wide approaches --- Interpersonal relationships --- Interpersonal skills --- Intersectional --- Intersectionality --- Irish Survey of Student Engagement (ISSE) --- Knowledge --- Knowledge society --- Language --- Law --- Leaders --- Leadership (management/university leadership) --- Learning --- Learning environments --- Learning facilitator --- Learning outcomes --- Learning paradigm --- Learning strategies --- Learning with peers --- Lecturer Survey of Student Engagement (LSSE) --- Lecturers (also see academics/academic staff) --- Librarians --- Management (University leaders and Leadership) --- Mathematics --- Memorisation --- Mentor --- Mentoring --- Mentorship --- Mission --- Module (course/subject) --- Motivation --- National Benchmark Tests (NBT) --- National Benchmark Test Project (NBTP) --- National Development Plan --- National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) --- Natural and Agricultural Sciences --- Next Generation of Academics Programme (nGAP) --- Numeracy development --- Off-campus --- On-campus --- Online resources --- Pathways --- Peer learning (also see Tutor) --- Pedagogical approaches --- Pedagogical contexts --- Pedagogical environments --- Pedagogical experiences --- Pedagogical innovation --- Pedagogical practices --- Pedagogical relationship --- Pedagogical responsiveness --- Pedagogies --- Perceived academic preparation --- Perceived preparedness --- Persistence --- Policies --- Policy --- Policy makers --- Practical significance --- Practical work --- Preparing for class --- Professional development --- Professionals --- Professional staff --- Quadrant --- Quality --- Quality assurance --- Quality of interactions --- Quantitative reasoning --- Reflection --- Reflective and integrative learning --- Relationships --- Research --- Responsiveness --- Resources --- Retention --- Science --- engineering and technology --- Self-reflection --- Senior students --- Service learning --- Social sciences --- Socio-economic --- South African Survey(s) of Student Engagement (SASSE) --- Staff development (also academic development and lecturer development) --- Stakeholder --- Strategies --- Statistical --- Student affairs --- Student behaviour --- Student bodies --- Student data --- Student development --- Student engagement --- Student evaluation --- Student financial aid --- Student involvement --- Student learning --- Student life --- Student needs --- Student outcomes --- Student organisations --- Student perspective --- Student participation --- Student performance --- Student persistence --- Student retention --- Student responses --- Student societies --- Student-staff interaction --- Student success --- Student views --- Student voice --- Success rates --- Subject (course/module) --- Support services --- Support staff --- Supportive campus --- Supportive environment --- Synthesise --- Systemic perspective --- Systemic understanding --- Teaching --- Teaching and learning --- Techniques --- Time --- Time management --- Traditional universities --- Transformation --- Transformative --- Transition --- Tutor --- Tutorials --- Undergraduate research --- Underprepared --- United States --- University Capacity Development Grant (University Capacity Development Programme) --- Universities --- Universities of Technology --- University leaders --- Unrealistic --- Well-being