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Undervaluation is a phenomenon that can result from the determination of the price of shares offered during an IPO. Thus, the price of the shares issued is set at a lower price than what the market is willing to pay. As a result, this undervaluation leads to a high positive initial return from the first days of listing of the shares issued on the financial market. This work aims to understand the reasons for such a phenomenon through empirical studies conducted on the subject. In addition, it aims to answer the following question: "To what extent can the shares of companies going public be undervalued ? ». This work will also attempt to detect the phenomenon of undervaluation and explain its causes through a practical analysis of a number of companies listed on the regulated market Euronext Brussels.

IPO --- Initial Public Offering --- Undervaluation --- Sous-évaluation --- Introduction en Bourse --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Finance

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There is a renewed debate on the role of exchange rate policies as an industrial policy tool in both academic and policy circles. Policy practitioners usually examine real exchange rate misalignments to monitor the behavior of this key relative price and, if possible, exploit distortions in the traded and non-traded relative price to promote growth. Anecdotal evidence shows that some countries have pursued very active exchange rate policies to promote the export sector and enhance growth by undervaluing their currencies. The main goal of this paper is to provide a systematic characterization of real exchange rate undervaluations. The long-run real exchange rate equation is estimated using: (a) Johansen time series cointegration estimates, and (b) pooled mean group estimates for non-stationary panel data. The paper constructs a dataset of real undervaluation episodes. It first evaluates whether (and if so, to what extent) economic policies can be used to either cause or sustain real undervaluations. In this context the paper empirically models the likelihood and magnitude of sustaining real exchange rate undervaluations by examining their link to policy instruments (such as exchange rate regimes and capital controls, among other policies) using probit and Tobit models. Finally, it investigates whether foreign exchange intervention can generate persistent real exchange rate deviations from equilibrium. In general, it finds that intervention can lead to greater persistence in the incidence and magnitude of real exchange rate undervaluations.

Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt Markets --- Economic Stabilization --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Real Exchange Rate Misalignment --- Undervaluation and Foreign Exchange Intervention

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Argentinean export growth was impressive during the recent economic boom (2003-2007). However, decomposing export growth reveals that the extensive margin (increases in exports of existing products to existing markets) dominates, while the intensive margin (increases in exports of new products or new markets) contributes little to export growth. Argentina's trade product concentration has increased in the past 10 years, and the main export products remain overwhelmingly natural-resource intensive. The little diversification of non-primary exports limits the country's ability to weather a decline in export commodity prices. The country has had some success finding new export markets, especially in Latin America, but should seek to develop deeper trade relationships with high GDP export destinations such as the European Union and the United States. Another challenge going forward is the relatively low sophistication of exports and limited integration into the global production chains, falling behind regional competitors such as Brazil. This calls for policy measures to improve the ability of existing firms to innovate and compete successfully in global markets.

Agriculture --- Consumers --- Devaluation --- Economic boom --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Export growth --- Exports --- Free Trade --- GDP --- GDP per capita --- Growth rate --- Income --- International Economics and Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural resources --- Per capita income --- Private Sector Development --- Profit margins --- Tariff barriers --- Trade balance --- Trade liberalization --- Trade Policy --- Transport --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning --- Undervaluation --- Value added --- WTO

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This paper shows that real exchange rate undervaluation through the accumulation of foreign reserves may improve welfare in economies with learning-by-investing externalities that arise disproportionately from the tradable sector. In the presence of targeting problems or when policy choices are restricted by multilateral agreements, first-best policies such as subsidies to capital accumulation, or subsidies to tradable production are not feasible. A neo-mercantilist policy of foreign reserve accumulation "outsources" the targeting problem or overcomes the multilateral restrictions by providing loans to foreigners that can only be used to buy up domestic tradable goods. This raises the relative price of tradable versus non-tradable goods (i.e. undervalues the real exchange rate) at the static cost of temporarily reducing tradable absorption in the domestic economy. However, since the tradable sector generates greater learning-by-investing externalities, it leads to dynamic gains in the form of higher growth. The net welfare effects of reserve accumulation depend on the balance between the static losses from lower tradable absorption versus the dynamic gains from higher growth.

Access to Finance --- Comparative advantage --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt Markets --- Devaluation --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Equilibrium --- Externalities --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- GDP --- Growth models --- Growth rate --- Human capital --- Macroeconomics --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Mercantilism --- Multilateral trade --- Net exports --- Open economy --- Organizational capital --- Private Sector Development --- Productivity --- Productivity growth --- Reserve --- Undervaluation --- Wages --- WTO