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During early ontogeny infant rats show specific responses to a variety of age-dependent threatening situations. When isolated from nest and dam, they emit ultrasonic vocalizations and show decreased reactivity to noxious stimulation, or analgesia. When exposed to an unfamiliar adult male, they become immobile and analgesic. The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) is an important area within the circuitry that controls responses to threatening stimuli in the adult. Little is known about the functions of the PAG in early life. It was hypothesized that the PAG mediates the responses to the age-specific threats social isolation and male exposure in the infant rat. Rat pups were lesioned electrolytically either in the lateral or the ventrolateral PAG on postnatal day 7, tested in social isolation on day 10, and exposed to a male on day 14. On day 10 during isolation, ultrasonic vocalizations and isolation-induced analgesia were decreased in both lesion groups. On day 14, male-induced immobility and analgesia were decreased in ventrally lesioned animals. In conclusion, the PAG seems to play a developmentally continuous role in age-specific responses to threat such as ultrasonic vocalization, analgesia, and immobility. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Adult. --- Analgesia. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Area. --- Behavior. --- Control. --- Defensive responses. --- Exposure. --- Expression. --- Fear. --- Function. --- Group. --- Immobility. --- Infant rats. --- Infant. --- Intrathecal injection. --- Isolation. --- Lesion. --- Lesions. --- Life. --- Male. --- Midbrain periaqueductal gray. --- Midbrain. --- Nest. --- Ontogeny. --- Periaqueductal gray. --- Play. --- Preweanling rats. --- Pups. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Reactivity. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Situations. --- Social isolation. --- Social-isolation. --- Social. --- Stimulation. --- Stimuli. --- Stress. --- Systems. --- Ultrasonic vocalization. --- Vocalization.

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Young animals respond to threatening stimuli in an age-specific way. Their endocrine and behavioral responses reflect the potential threat of the situation at a given age. The aim of the present study was to determine whether corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is involved in the endocrine and behavioral responses to threat and their developmental changes in young rats. Preweaning 14-day-old and postweaning 26-day-old rats were exposed to two age-specific threats, cat odor and an adult male rat. The acute behavioral response was determined during exposure. After exposure, the time courses of the corticosterone response and of CRF expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and in extrahypothalamic areas were assessed. Preweaning rats became immobile when exposed to cat odor or the male rat, whereas postweaning rats became immobile to cat odor only. Male exposure increased serum corticosterone levels in 14-day-old rats, but cat odor failed to increase levels at either age. Exposure induced elevation of CRF mRNA levels in the PVN that paralleled changes in corticosterone levels. CRF may thus play a role in endocrine regulation and its developmental changes during early life. Neither cat odor nor the adult male altered CRF mRNA levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) or the amygdala, but both stimuli increased levels in the hippocampus. Hippocampal CRF mRNA expression levels did not parallel cat odor or male-induced immobility, indicating that CRF is not involved in this response in young rats but may be involved in aspects of learning and memory. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Adult. --- Age. --- Amygdala. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Area. --- Bed nucleus. --- Behavioral-responses. --- Cat odor. --- Cat. --- Corticosterone. --- Corticotropin-releasing factor. --- Corticotropin-releasing hormone. --- Corticotropin-releasing-factor. --- Crf. --- Defensive-withdrawal. --- Dentate gyrus. --- Developmental-changes. --- Endocrine. --- Exposure. --- Expression. --- Fear. --- Gene-expression. --- Glucocorticoid. --- Hippocampal. --- Hippocampus. --- Hpa axis. --- Hypothalamus. --- Immature rat. --- Immobility. --- Immobilization stress. --- Increase. --- Learning. --- Level. --- Life. --- Male rat. --- Male. --- Memory. --- Messenger-rna expression. --- Nucleus. --- Odor. --- Paraventricular nucleus. --- Pituitary-adrenal axis. --- Play. --- Predation. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Regulation. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Serum. --- Stimuli. --- Stria terminalis. --- Time-course. --- Time. --- Ultrasonic vocalization. --- Young-rats. --- Young.

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This book includes articles written by over 80 specialists from many countries that demonstrate the biological functions of ultrasonic vocalizations and how they are used in studies of vocal expression of emotional states and in numerous animal models of neuropsychiatric diseases and disorders. Results of investigations of emissions of ultrasonic vocalizations are useful in studies of emotional disturbances, affective disorders, autism spectrum disorders, addiction, developmental abnormalities, and many other pathologies.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- ultrasonic vocalization --- maternal immune activation --- autism --- communication --- rat --- sex differences --- social play --- rats --- anxiety --- observational fear learning --- USV --- maternal separation --- pup --- vasopressin antagonists --- righting reflex --- negative geotaxis --- ACTH --- corticosterone --- Brattleboro rat --- larynx --- female --- male --- 50-khz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) --- individual differences --- chronic variable stress (CVS) --- dopamine --- nucleus accumbens --- microdialysis --- evolution of vocalization --- 22 kHz calls --- 50 kHz calls --- infant isolation calls --- emotional arousal --- mesolimbic dopaminergic system --- mesolimbic cholinergic system --- hedonia --- ultrasonic vocalizations --- cognitive development --- respiration --- brain oscillations --- Cav1.2 --- calcium --- animal model --- rough-and-tumble play --- social approach --- playback --- social contact call --- alarm call --- social buffering --- distress --- emotional contagion --- fear contagion --- aversive state --- automated scoring --- addiction --- mental health --- machine learning --- drug discovery --- drug development --- Parkinson’s disease --- alpha-synuclein --- 6-OHDA --- Pink1 --- DJ1 --- exercise --- pharmacology --- pathology --- hypervigilance --- hyperreactivity --- exaggerated reactivity --- generalization --- PTSD --- depression --- heart rate --- Wistar --- 22-kHz calls --- 50-kHz calls --- affect --- aversion --- NOR --- reward --- working memory --- Y maze --- opioids --- fentanyl --- self-administration --- play --- food --- dam–pup interaction --- ethanol --- pup isolation --- rat pup --- 50 kHz vocalizations --- 22 kHz vocalizations --- amphetamine --- chemogenetics --- clozapine-n-oxide --- UMAP --- males --- females --- vocalizations --- fear extinction --- pain --- n/a --- Parkinson's disease --- dam-pup interaction

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This book includes articles written by over 80 specialists from many countries that demonstrate the biological functions of ultrasonic vocalizations and how they are used in studies of vocal expression of emotional states and in numerous animal models of neuropsychiatric diseases and disorders. Results of investigations of emissions of ultrasonic vocalizations are useful in studies of emotional disturbances, affective disorders, autism spectrum disorders, addiction, developmental abnormalities, and many other pathologies.

ultrasonic vocalization --- maternal immune activation --- autism --- communication --- rat --- sex differences --- social play --- rats --- anxiety --- observational fear learning --- USV --- maternal separation --- pup --- vasopressin antagonists --- righting reflex --- negative geotaxis --- ACTH --- corticosterone --- Brattleboro rat --- larynx --- female --- male --- 50-khz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) --- individual differences --- chronic variable stress (CVS) --- dopamine --- nucleus accumbens --- microdialysis --- evolution of vocalization --- 22 kHz calls --- 50 kHz calls --- infant isolation calls --- emotional arousal --- mesolimbic dopaminergic system --- mesolimbic cholinergic system --- hedonia --- ultrasonic vocalizations --- cognitive development --- respiration --- brain oscillations --- Cav1.2 --- calcium --- animal model --- rough-and-tumble play --- social approach --- playback --- social contact call --- alarm call --- social buffering --- distress --- emotional contagion --- fear contagion --- aversive state --- automated scoring --- addiction --- mental health --- machine learning --- drug discovery --- drug development --- Parkinson’s disease --- alpha-synuclein --- 6-OHDA --- Pink1 --- DJ1 --- exercise --- pharmacology --- pathology --- hypervigilance --- hyperreactivity --- exaggerated reactivity --- generalization --- PTSD --- depression --- heart rate --- Wistar --- 22-kHz calls --- 50-kHz calls --- affect --- aversion --- NOR --- reward --- working memory --- Y maze --- opioids --- fentanyl --- self-administration --- play --- food --- dam–pup interaction --- ethanol --- pup isolation --- rat pup --- 50 kHz vocalizations --- 22 kHz vocalizations --- amphetamine --- chemogenetics --- clozapine-n-oxide --- UMAP --- males --- females --- vocalizations --- fear extinction --- pain --- n/a --- Parkinson's disease --- dam-pup interaction