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SERPENTINE --- ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS --- VEGETATION --- ECOLOGY --- Ferralsols --- Nickel --- Flora --- Biogeography --- plant ecology --- Serpentine soils --- Serpentine flora --- Ultramafic rocks --- Hyperaccumulateur --- world

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Komatiites erupted billions of years ago as pulsating streams of white-hot lava. Their unusual chemical compositions and exceptionally high formation temperatures produced highly fluid lava that crystallized as spectacular layered flows. Investigation of the extreme conditions in which komatiites formed provides important evidence about the thermal and chemical evolution of the planet, and the nature of the Precambrian mantle. This monograph, written by three experts with long experience in the field, presents a complete account of the characteristics of komatiites including their volcanic structures, textures, mineralogy and chemical compositions. Models for their formation and eruption are evaluated (including the anhydrous vs. hydrous magmas controversy). A chapter is also devoted to the valuable nickel and copper ore deposits found in komatiites. Komatiite is a key reference for researchers and advanced students interested in petrology, Archaean geology, economic geology, and broader questions about the evolution of the Earth's crust and mantle.

Komatiite. --- Formations (Geology) --- Formations (Géologie) --- Mathematical models. --- Ultrabasic rocks. --- Geology, Stratigraphic --- Formations (Géologie) --- Geologic formations --- Geological formations --- Stratigraphic formations --- Lava --- Archaean --- Archaeozoic --- Archean --- Archeozoic --- Rocks, Ultrabasic --- Ultramafic rocks --- Igneous rocks

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Ultrabasic rocks. --- Igneous rocks. --- Petrofabric analysis. --- Fabric analysis (Petrology) --- Microtectonics --- Petrofabrics --- Petrology, Structural --- Petrotectonics --- Structural petrology --- Petrology --- Eruptive rocks --- Igneous petrology --- Igneous rocks --- Petrology, Igneous --- Rocks, Eruptive --- Rocks, Igneous --- Rocks --- Rocks, Ultrabasic --- Ultramafic rocks --- Petrofabric analysis --- Roches ultrabasiques --- Roches ignées --- Pétrologie structurale

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The widespread mafic-ultramafic complexes in the Earth are well-known as their hosting Ni-Cu-PGE ore deposits, and their petrogenesis and mineralization have become hot issues in the geological studies. This thesis comprehensively investigated the petrology, mineralogy, geochemistry and geochronology of several mafic-ultramafic complexes in the Beishan Terrane, southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt aimed at systematically determining the mineralization and petrogenetic processes responsible for the formation of the complexes and placing constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Eastern Tianshan and Beishan, and the Early Permian mantle plume. The thesis identified mineralizing indicators of Ni-Cu sulfide deposits and defined the roles of partial melting, fractional crystallization, crustal assimilation and magma injection. The systematical isotopic compositions revealed the mantle source of the mafic-ultramafic complexes had undergone the subduction-related modifications both from the South Tianshan Ocean and subsequently the Junggar Ocean, and that the complexes were emplaced in the period of 269-285 Ma coeval with the 280 Ma mantle plume event in the Tarim Craton. The results of this thesis provide new insights about the tectonic setting, magma evolution, ore genesis, and exploration implications of the mafic-ultramafic complexes in Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Dr. Benxun Su works at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.

Geology, Structural. --- Intrusions (Geology)--Asia, Central. --- Petrogenesis. --- SCIENCE / Earth Sciences / Geography. --- Ultrabasic rocks--Asia, Central. --- Intrusions (Geology) --- Orogenic belts --- Ultrabasic rocks --- Petrogenesis --- Geology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Dynamic & Structural Geology --- Geology - General --- Petrogeny --- Rocks, Ultrabasic --- Ultramafic rocks --- Belts, Fold --- Belts, Orogenic --- Fold belts --- Foldbelts --- Orogenes --- Orogens --- Intrusive bodies --- Pluton --- Earth sciences. --- Geochemistry. --- Geology. --- Economic geology. --- Mineralogy. --- Earth Sciences. --- Economic Geology. --- Igneous rocks --- Petrology --- Geology, Structural --- Geology, economic. --- Economic geology --- Physical geology --- Mines and mineral resources --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- Crystallography --- Minerals --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Natural history

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The need for establishing a formal limit between the concentration of potentially toxic inorganic compounds in groundwater due to natural processes or to anthropogenic pollution has prompted researchers to develop methods to derive this boundary and define the "Natural Background Level" (NBL). NBLs can be used as screening levels to define the good chemical status of groundwater bodies, as well as to fix the remediation target in polluted sites.The book "Natural Background Levels in Groundwater" brings together a set of case studies across Europe and worldwide where the assessments and identification of this boundary are performed with different methodologies. It provides an overview of the approaches and protocols applied and tested in different states for NBL assessment, ranging from well-known methods, such as component separation or cumulative probability plot methods, to new computer-aided protocols. The main objective of this book is to bring together and discuss different methodological approaches and tools to improve the assessment of groundwater NBLs. The overview, discussion and comparison of different approaches and case histories for NBL calculation can be useful for scientists, water managers and practitioners.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- Pollution control --- ambient background values --- probability plot --- modified Lepeltier method --- pre-selection method --- LOQ --- groundwater body --- Croatia --- natural background levels --- software implementation --- parameters estimation --- statistical methods --- component separation method --- groundwater quality --- groundwater level --- geostatistics --- t-test --- spatial distribution modeling --- natural background --- conceptual model --- preselection --- nitrates --- confidence level --- arsenic --- sites under remediation --- site-specific data --- Ferrara --- trace metals --- Lanzo Massif --- ultramafic rocks --- ophiolites --- chromium --- hexavalent chromium --- nickel --- neutral mine drainage --- groundwater --- Italian guidelines --- cadmium --- copper --- zinc --- Denmark --- natural background level --- water quality --- anthropogenic pressure --- trace element --- groundwater monitoring --- ambient background values --- probability plot --- modified Lepeltier method --- pre-selection method --- LOQ --- groundwater body --- Croatia --- natural background levels --- software implementation --- parameters estimation --- statistical methods --- component separation method --- groundwater quality --- groundwater level --- geostatistics --- t-test --- spatial distribution modeling --- natural background --- conceptual model --- preselection --- nitrates --- confidence level --- arsenic --- sites under remediation --- site-specific data --- Ferrara --- trace metals --- Lanzo Massif --- ultramafic rocks --- ophiolites --- chromium --- hexavalent chromium --- nickel --- neutral mine drainage --- groundwater --- Italian guidelines --- cadmium --- copper --- zinc --- Denmark --- natural background level --- water quality --- anthropogenic pressure --- trace element --- groundwater monitoring