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In the last three decades, fractional calculus has broken into the field of mathematical analysis, both at the theoretical level and at the level of its applications. In essence, the fractional calculus theory is a mathematical analysis tool applied to the study of integrals and derivatives of arbitrary order, which unifies and generalizes the classical notions of differentiation and integration. These fractional and derivative integrals, which until not many years ago had been used in purely mathematical contexts, have been revealed as instruments with great potential to model problems in various scientific fields, such as: fluid mechanics, viscoelasticity, physics, biology, chemistry, dynamical systems, signal processing or entropy theory. Since the differential and integral operators of fractional order are nonlinear operators, fractional calculus theory provides a tool for modeling physical processes, which in many cases is more useful than classical formulations. This is why the application of fractional calculus theory has become a focus of international academic research. This Special Issue "Applied Mathematics and Fractional Calculus" has published excellent research studies in the field of applied mathematics and fractional calculus, authored by many well-known mathematicians and scientists from diverse countries worldwide such as China, USA, Canada, Germany, Mexico, Spain, Poland, Portugal, Iran, Tunisia, South Africa, Albania, Thailand, Iraq, Egypt, Italy, India, Russia, Pakistan, Taiwan, Korea, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- condensing function --- approximate endpoint criterion --- quantum integro-difference BVP --- existence --- fractional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili system --- lie group analysis --- power series solutions --- convergence analysis --- conservation laws --- symmetry --- weighted fractional operators --- convex functions --- HHF type inequality --- fractional calculus --- Euler–Lagrange equation --- natural boundary conditions --- time delay --- MHD equations --- weak solution --- regularity criteria --- anisotropic Lorentz space --- Sonine kernel --- general fractional derivative of arbitrary order --- general fractional integral of arbitrary order --- first fundamental theorem of fractional calculus --- second fundamental theorem of fractional calculus --- ρ-Laplace variational iteration method --- ρ-Laplace decomposition method --- partial differential equation --- caputo operator --- fractional Fornberg–Whitham equation (FWE) --- Riemann–Liouville fractional difference operator --- boundary value problem --- discrete fractional calculus --- existence and uniqueness --- Ulam stability --- elastic beam problem --- tempered fractional derivative --- one-sided tempered fractional derivative --- bilateral tempered fractional derivative --- tempered riesz potential --- collocation method --- hermite cubic spline --- fractional burgers equation --- fractional differential equation --- fractional Dzhrbashyan–Nersesyan derivative --- degenerate evolution equation --- initial value problem --- initial boundary value problem --- partial Riemann–Liouville fractional integral --- Babenko’s approach --- Banach fixed point theorem --- Mittag–Leffler function --- gamma function --- nabla fractional difference --- separated boundary conditions --- Green’s function --- existence of solutions --- Caputo q-derivative --- singular sum fractional q-differential --- fixed point --- equations --- Riemann–Liouville q-integral --- Shehu transform --- Caputo fractional derivative --- Shehu decomposition method --- new iterative transform method --- fractional KdV equation --- approximate solutions --- Riemann–Liouville derivative --- concave operator --- fixed point theorem --- Gelfand problem --- order cone --- integral transform --- Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative --- Aboodh transform iterative method --- φ-Hilfer fractional system with impulses --- semigroup theory --- nonlocal conditions --- optimal controls --- fractional derivatives --- fractional Prabhakar derivatives --- fractional differential equations --- fractional Sturm–Liouville problems --- eigenfunctions and eigenvalues --- Fredholm–Volterra integral Equations --- fractional derivative --- Bessel polynomials --- Caputo derivative --- collocation points --- Caputo–Fabrizio and Atangana-Baleanu operators --- time-fractional Kaup–Kupershmidt equation --- natural transform --- Adomian decomposition method

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In the last three decades, fractional calculus has broken into the field of mathematical analysis, both at the theoretical level and at the level of its applications. In essence, the fractional calculus theory is a mathematical analysis tool applied to the study of integrals and derivatives of arbitrary order, which unifies and generalizes the classical notions of differentiation and integration. These fractional and derivative integrals, which until not many years ago had been used in purely mathematical contexts, have been revealed as instruments with great potential to model problems in various scientific fields, such as: fluid mechanics, viscoelasticity, physics, biology, chemistry, dynamical systems, signal processing or entropy theory. Since the differential and integral operators of fractional order are nonlinear operators, fractional calculus theory provides a tool for modeling physical processes, which in many cases is more useful than classical formulations. This is why the application of fractional calculus theory has become a focus of international academic research. This Special Issue "Applied Mathematics and Fractional Calculus" has published excellent research studies in the field of applied mathematics and fractional calculus, authored by many well-known mathematicians and scientists from diverse countries worldwide such as China, USA, Canada, Germany, Mexico, Spain, Poland, Portugal, Iran, Tunisia, South Africa, Albania, Thailand, Iraq, Egypt, Italy, India, Russia, Pakistan, Taiwan, Korea, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia.

condensing function --- approximate endpoint criterion --- quantum integro-difference BVP --- existence --- fractional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili system --- lie group analysis --- power series solutions --- convergence analysis --- conservation laws --- symmetry --- weighted fractional operators --- convex functions --- HHF type inequality --- fractional calculus --- Euler–Lagrange equation --- natural boundary conditions --- time delay --- MHD equations --- weak solution --- regularity criteria --- anisotropic Lorentz space --- Sonine kernel --- general fractional derivative of arbitrary order --- general fractional integral of arbitrary order --- first fundamental theorem of fractional calculus --- second fundamental theorem of fractional calculus --- ρ-Laplace variational iteration method --- ρ-Laplace decomposition method --- partial differential equation --- caputo operator --- fractional Fornberg–Whitham equation (FWE) --- Riemann–Liouville fractional difference operator --- boundary value problem --- discrete fractional calculus --- existence and uniqueness --- Ulam stability --- elastic beam problem --- tempered fractional derivative --- one-sided tempered fractional derivative --- bilateral tempered fractional derivative --- tempered riesz potential --- collocation method --- hermite cubic spline --- fractional burgers equation --- fractional differential equation --- fractional Dzhrbashyan–Nersesyan derivative --- degenerate evolution equation --- initial value problem --- initial boundary value problem --- partial Riemann–Liouville fractional integral --- Babenko’s approach --- Banach fixed point theorem --- Mittag–Leffler function --- gamma function --- nabla fractional difference --- separated boundary conditions --- Green’s function --- existence of solutions --- Caputo q-derivative --- singular sum fractional q-differential --- fixed point --- equations --- Riemann–Liouville q-integral --- Shehu transform --- Caputo fractional derivative --- Shehu decomposition method --- new iterative transform method --- fractional KdV equation --- approximate solutions --- Riemann–Liouville derivative --- concave operator --- fixed point theorem --- Gelfand problem --- order cone --- integral transform --- Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative --- Aboodh transform iterative method --- φ-Hilfer fractional system with impulses --- semigroup theory --- nonlocal conditions --- optimal controls --- fractional derivatives --- fractional Prabhakar derivatives --- fractional differential equations --- fractional Sturm–Liouville problems --- eigenfunctions and eigenvalues --- Fredholm–Volterra integral Equations --- fractional derivative --- Bessel polynomials --- Caputo derivative --- collocation points --- Caputo–Fabrizio and Atangana-Baleanu operators --- time-fractional Kaup–Kupershmidt equation --- natural transform --- Adomian decomposition method

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The present book contains the 24 total articles accepted and published in the Special Issue “Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic and Their Applications, 2020” of the MDPI Mathematics journal, which covers a wide range of topics connected to the theory and applications of fuzzy sets and systems of fuzzy logic and their extensions/generalizations. These topics include, among others, elements from fuzzy graphs; fuzzy numbers; fuzzy equations; fuzzy linear spaces; intuitionistic fuzzy sets; soft sets; type-2 fuzzy sets, bipolar fuzzy sets, plithogenic sets, fuzzy decision making, fuzzy governance, fuzzy models in mathematics of finance, a philosophical treatise on the connection of the scientific reasoning with fuzzy logic, etc. It is hoped that the book will be interesting and useful for those working in the area of fuzzy sets, fuzzy systems and fuzzy logic, as well as for those with the proper mathematical background and willing to become familiar with recent advances in fuzzy mathematics, which has become prevalent in almost all sectors of the human life and activity.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- bipolar gradation of openness --- bipolar gradation of closedness --- bipolar fuzzy topology --- bipolar gradation preserving map --- fuzzy collaborative forecasting --- dynamic random access memory --- partial consensus --- fuzzy intersection --- fuzzy linear system --- fuzzy number --- fuzzy number vector --- embedding method --- inductive and deductive reasoning --- fuzzy logic (FL) --- scientific method --- probability and statistics --- Bayesian probabilities --- fuzzy implication --- ordering property --- least fuzzy negation --- t-conditionality --- neutrosophic set --- plithogenic set --- fuzzy set --- entropy --- similarity measure --- information measure --- Hyers-Ulam stability --- pexider type functional equation --- intuitionistic fuzzy normed spaces --- alternative fixed point theorem --- interval-valued fuzzy competition graph --- interval-valued fuzzy p competition graph --- interval-valued fuzzy neighbourhood graph --- interval-valued m-step fuzzy competition graph --- homomorphism of graph products --- max-min algebra --- fuzzy max-T algebra --- Łukasiewicz triangular norm --- max-Łukasiewicz algebra --- parametric solvability --- soft set --- fuzzy soft set --- multi-fuzzy set --- multi-fuzzy soft set --- ℒℳℱ?? --- similarity measure of ℒℳℱ?? --- site selection --- shopping mall site selection --- linguistic terms for fuzzy variable --- fuzzy AHP --- fuzzy TOPSIS --- octahedron set --- i-octahedron subgroupoid --- i-octahedron ideal --- i-sup-property, i-octahedron subgroup --- i-octahedron subring --- interval matrix --- interval eigenvector --- strong interval eigenvector --- fuzzy nonlinear systems --- fuzzy arithmetic --- fuzzy calculus --- multidimensional fuzzy arithmetic --- RDM fuzzy arithmetic --- fuzzy parametric form --- fuzzy measures --- monotone measures --- product spaces --- Schauder fixed point theorem --- fuzzy normed linear space --- t-norm --- measure of non-compactness --- fuzzy logic connectives --- law of importation --- α-migrativity --- distance measure --- fuzzy differential equations --- fuzzy difference equations --- mixed continuous-discrete model --- strongly generalized Hukuhara differentiability --- time value of money --- GEFS --- SEFS --- fuzzy relations: fuzzy sets --- max–min composition --- min–max composition --- monotone statistical parameters --- fuzzy statistics --- FAHP --- FTOPSIS --- FCOPRAS --- hexagonal fuzzy number --- governance --- fuzzy logic --- management system --- type-2 fuzzy set --- fuzzification --- type-reduction --- defuzzification --- B-spline surface model function

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In recent years, various families of fractional-order integral and derivative operators, such as those named after Riemann-Liouville, Weyl, Hadamard, Grunwald-Letnikov, Riesz, Erdelyi-Kober, Liouville-Caputo, and so on, have been found to be remarkably important and fruitful, due mainly to their demonstrated applications in numerous seemingly diverse and widespread areas of the mathematical, physical, chemical, engineering, and statistical sciences. Many of these fractional-order operators provide interesting, potentially useful tools for solving ordinary and partial differential equations, as well as integral, differintegral, and integro-differential equations; fractional-calculus analogues and extensions of each of these equations; and various other problems involving special functions of mathematical physics and applied mathematics, as well as their extensions and generalizations in one or more variables. For this Special Issue, we invite and welcome review, expository, and original research articles dealing with the recent advances in the theory of fractional-order integral and derivative operators and their multidisciplinary applications.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- Legendre wavelet --- operational matrix --- systems of fractional order differential equations --- Liouville_Caputo sense --- analytic functions --- starlike functions --- univalent functions --- length problems --- SIR model --- Hermite collocation method --- approximate solution --- Hermite polynomials and series --- collocation points --- starlike and q-starlike functions --- q-derivative operator --- q-hypergeometric functions --- conic and generalized conic domains --- Hankel determinant --- Toeplitz matrices --- fractional differential equations --- Riemann-stieltjes integral --- monotone iterative method --- upper and lower solutions --- fractional diffusion equation --- controllability --- impulsive system --- unique continuation property --- non-linear fractional variational problems --- orthogonal polynomials --- Rayleigh-Ritz method --- error analysis --- convergence analysis --- Banach space --- Sobolev space --- Laplace operators --- nonlocal boundary conditions --- fractional differential systems --- mixed Riemann-Liouville integral --- mixed Hadamard integral --- Hilfer derivative --- Hadamard derivative --- coupled system --- random solution --- variable order fractional derivative --- initial value problem --- piecewise constant functions --- starlike function --- Toeplitz determinant --- sine function --- upper bound --- convex functions --- subordination --- logarithmic coefficients --- Gauss hypergeometric function --- confluent hypergeometric function --- Appell's functions --- incomplete fractional calculus --- Riemann-Liouville fractional integral --- generating functions --- fractional integrals --- fractional derivatives --- Mittag-Leffler functions --- field spectrum --- fractional calculus --- desert soil --- available potassium --- correlation analysis --- Post-Exposure Prophylaxis --- latent reservoir --- HIV infection --- fractional order model --- multivalent functions --- close-to-convex functions --- uniformly starlike functions --- uniformly close-to-convex functions --- conic domains --- q-calculus --- differential subordination --- Janowski function --- cardioid domain --- limacon domain --- fractional order unknown input fuzzy observer --- fractional order Takagi-Sugeno models --- L2 optimization --- linear matrix inequalities --- unmeasurable premise variables --- global solutions --- fractional in time and space shallow-water system --- ψ-Caputo fractional derivative --- Hilfer fractional derivative --- Ulam stability --- pantograph differential equation --- nonlocal integral condition --- Miura transform --- soliton equations --- logarithm

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During the last decade, there has been an increased interest in fractional differential equations, inclusions, and inequalities, as they play a fundamental role in the modeling of numerous phenomena, in particular, in physics, biomathematics, blood flow phenomena, ecology, environmental issues, viscoelasticity, aerodynamics, electrodynamics of complex medium, electrical circuits, electron-analytical chemistry, control theory, etc. This book presents collective works published in the recent Special Issue (SI) entitled "Fractional Differential Equation, Inclusions and Inequalities with Applications" of the journal Mathematics. This Special Issue presents recent developments in the theory of fractional differential equations and inequalities. Topics include but are not limited to the existence and uniqueness results for boundary value problems for different types of fractional differential equations, a variety of fractional inequalities, impulsive fractional differential equations, and applications in sciences and engineering.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- fractional evolution inclusions --- mild solutions --- condensing multivalued map --- arbitrary order differential equations --- multiple positive solution --- Perov-type fixed point theorem --- HU stability --- Caputo fractional derivative --- nonlocal --- integro-multipoint boundary conditions --- existence --- uniqueness --- Ulam-Hyers stability --- coupled system of fractional difference equations --- fractional sum --- discrete half-line --- non-instantaneous impulsive equations --- random impulsive and junction points --- continuous dependence --- Caputo–Fabrizio fractional differential equations --- Hyers–Ulam stability --- fractional derivative --- fixed point theorem --- fractional differential equation --- fractional sum-difference equations --- boundary value problem --- positive solution --- green function --- the method of lower and upper solutions --- three-point boundary-value problem --- Caputo’s fractional derivative --- Riemann-Liouville fractional integral --- fixed-point theorems --- Langevin equation --- generalized fractional integral --- generalized Liouville–Caputo derivative --- nonlocal boundary conditions --- fixed point --- fractional differential inclusions --- ψ-Riesz-Caputo derivative --- existence of solutions --- anti-periodic boundary value problems --- q-integro-difference equation --- fractional calculus --- fractional integrals --- Ostrowski type inequality --- convex function --- exponentially convex function --- generalized Riemann-liouville fractional integrals --- convex functions --- Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities --- exponential kernel --- caputo fractional derivative --- coupled system --- impulses --- existence theory --- stability theory --- conformable derivative --- conformable partial derivative --- conformable double Laplace decomposition method --- conformable Laplace transform --- singular one dimensional coupled Burgers’ equation --- Green’s function --- existence and uniqueness of solution --- positivity of solution --- iterative method --- Riemann–Liouville type fractional problem --- positive solutions --- the index of fixed point --- matrix theory --- differential inclusions --- Caputo-type fractional derivative --- fractional integral --- time-fractional diffusion equation --- inverse problem --- ill-posed problem --- convergence estimates --- s-convex function --- Hermite–Hadamard inequalities --- Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals --- fractal space --- functional fractional differential inclusions --- Hadamard fractional derivative --- Katugampola fractional integrals --- Hermite–Hadamard inequality --- fractional q-difference inclusion --- measure of noncompactness --- solution --- proportional fractional integrals --- inequalities --- Qi inequality --- caputo-type fractional derivative --- fractional derivatives --- neutral fractional systems --- distributed delay --- integral representation --- fractional hardy’s inequality --- fractional bennett’s inequality --- fractional copson’s inequality --- fractional leindler’s inequality --- timescales --- conformable fractional calculus --- fractional hölder inequality --- sequential fractional delta-nabla sum-difference equations --- nonlocal fractional delta-nabla sum boundary value problem --- hadamard proportional fractional integrals --- fractional integral inequalities --- Hermite–Hadamard type inequalities --- interval-valued functions