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The collapse of Polish rule in the Ukraine in the mid-seventeenth century changed the course of East European history. The Cossack revolt led by Bohdan Khmel'nyts'kyi in 1648 ignited a general uprising that exposed the weakness of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The emergence of a new Ukrainian polity, the Cossack Hetmanate, set off a struggle for dominance in Eastern Europe. Ultimately, Muscovy emerged victorious. With its annexation of the Ukraine, the foundation was laid for the spectacular rise of the Russian empire. Frank E. Sysyn examines the failure of Polish policy through the career of Adam Kysil. A leader of the Ukrainian nobility and an official of the Polish government, Kysil sought answers to the major problems of seventeenth-century Ukraine - religious disputes over the Union of Brest (1596), unrest among the Zaporozhian Cossacks, and military attacks by Tatars, Turks, and Muscovites. After the outbreak of the Khmel'nyts'kyi uprising, Kysil, a Ukrainian Orthodox, was ideally suited to serve as the mediator between the rebels and the government. His failure revealed the irreconcilable differences that divided the two sides. Based on extensive archival research in Poland and the Ukrainian SSR, Sysyn's study contributes not only to the history of Eastern Europe, but also to discussions on the preconditions and nature of early modern revolts and on the change of political and social elites.

Statesmen --- Kysil, Adam, --- Ukraine --- Poland --- Russia (Federation) --- Relations --- History --- Statesmen - Poland - Biography --- Statesmen - Ukraine - Biography --- Kysil, Adam, - 1600-1653 --- Ukraine - Relations - Poland --- Poland - Relations - Ukraine --- Poland - History - 17th century --- Ukraine - History - 1340-1648 --- Ukraine - History - 1648-1775 --- Ukraine - Relations - Russia (Federation) --- Russia (Federation) - Relations - Ukraine