Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The present project is dealing with the finalization of a drone following the master thesis developed the previous years.
It starts with a brief introduction of the work performed on the drone throughout the years. A platform is designed in order to carry the camera assembly. Extreme loading cases are test validating the effectiveness of the platform. Static analysis is performed in each case testing the stress distribution.
The fabricated main landing gears are to be mounted on the first airframe. That end an L-shaped bracket made from aluminum alloy 7075 serves as the link between the main landing gears and the airframe. The stress distribution of three designs is explored performing static analysis.
Later on, visibility is provided to the camera and the internal electronic parts are fixed to position. Finally, the total mass is computed and the longitudinal stability is validated.

UAV --- Drone --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie aérospatiale

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

In this thesis, a review of the history of blended wing bodies has been done and the various advantages that blended wing bodies offer has been exposed. The increased aerodynamic per- formance as well as noise reduction assures blended wing bodies a bright future.
The goal of the thesis was to aerodynamically study a blended wing body UAV and propose a new enhance geometry.
To do that, two different methods of analysis were first validated through comparison with expe- rimental results of simple geometries (NACA wings). Those two methods included a low-fidelity one, PanAir and a higher fidelity one, SU2. PanAir results turned out to be quite accurate pro- vided that the drag coefficient was corrected. Some limitations of PanAir have, however, been highlighted namely when it was applied to configurations comprising flaps. SU2 showed better results but its computation time was much more important.
A detailed analysis of the baseline design of the UAV was then performed. Different aerody- namic coefficients were investigated as well as the influence of parameters of the flow. The influence of sideslip angle, control surfaces and propulsion has been studied.
Once the baseline geometry had been analysed, a parametric model of the geometry has been built. The idea was to change the geometry in order to improve the lift to drag ratio. First, the different parameters susceptible of being changed were studied separately to define the final set of varying parameters and their range of values.
A combination of the different parameters led to the study of 1024 different cases that were all compared to one another in order to find the one that maximized the lift to drag ratio while maintaining the required lift. A new geometry has thus been proposed.
The new geometry has been studied and compared to the old one to assess if it improved the aerodynamic performance. It turned out the new geometry induced an increase of 7% of the lift to drag ratio. The behaviour of the UAV when facing crosswind appeared to also be improved.
Finally, a sensitivity analysis on the Reynolds was performed to see if a future wind tunnel test campaign on a reduced size model could be possible. Trends showed that it was safe to analyse the UAV at different Reynolds number when the presence of thrust was ignored. The introduction of thrust led to some dependencies on the Reynolds pointing to the fact that a wind tunnel test should be performed cautiously.

UAV --- Blended wing body --- Aerodynamic behaviour --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie aérospatiale

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The importance of biodiversity no longer needs to be demonstrated. The conservation of this heritage requires data whose collection methodology may vary according to the taxon studied and the target habitat. The constant evolution of technology allows new approaches to be developed in order to increase the quantity and/or quality of these data, in particular by studying new species and habitats. For several years, UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) have contributed to the enhancement of this database through imagery. To date, very few studies provide information on the effectiveness of UAVs for bioacoustic monitoring. Therefore, this master’s thesis aims to evaluate the potential of UAVs for bioacoustic monitoring of birds and bats by means of tests carried out under controlled conditions, i.e. by playing soundtracks of these taxa. The main objective is to compare detection distances and probabilities between UAVs (quadcopter & fixed-wing) and ground recordings. A few tests were also conducted in vivo to get a first insight into the effectiveness of this technique compared to standard methods: point counts (birds) and passive ground recordings (bats). All tests were conducted in Wallonia (Belgium).
The songs of 9 bird species and the calls of 5 bat species, corresponding to a representative sample of the sound variability in terms of frequency and intensity, were played through a loudspeaker placed at different distances from the drone. This experiment was repeated at several altitudes.
The effective detection radius (EDR) is lower for UAV-based recordings than ground-based recordings. Bats detectability is sensitive to altitude making the overall EDR twice smaller for a microphone flying at 5 m than for ground recordings. However, for the majority of bird species (5 out of 9), the EDR remains close for both methods (difference ≤ 20%) regardless of altitude. Under in vivo conditions, the drone has always detected fewer individuals than standard methods for both taxa.
These initial results lead to the conclusion that UAV-based bioacoustic monitoring underestimate reality and cannot therefore substitute standard monitoring methods in the study area. For avian surveys, this method could be complementary to traditional ones in order to obtain data on the diversity or presence of target species in areas difficult to access for human beings. However, the poor performance of chiropterans tests does not justify such use. Obviously these results are only valid for our equipment, hence the use of quieter drones will clearly improve them.
Extensive testing in less accessible areas such like tropical canopies should therefore be considered to reinforce these conclusions.

UAV --- drone --- bird --- bat --- bioacoustics --- monitoring --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences de l'environnement & écologie

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Nowadays, drone deliveries and urban air mobility are in conception and would arrive in our lives in the near future. These firsts are more often multi-rotor VTOL UAVs. This configuration is designed in order to operate in urban environments. The drones are likely to expose regularly to communities significant levels of noise. At the moment, no acoustic regulation exists to decrease the impact of disturbance in populated areas. 
However, the purpose of this research is to obtain a first understanding of the noise produced by a sUAV and on the impact on observers in the surroundings. 
Acoustic measurements of a sUAV multi-rotors have been performed in a free environment on the campus of the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics. The recordings were conducted when the drone was hovering, flying over, tilting and in transition. The processing of the pressure data was focused on the power spectrum, the spectrogram and on three Sound Quality Metrics in order to give an evaluation of the noise annoyance.

The power spectra and the spectrograms reveal that for all maneuvers except the hover, the main BPF peak takes a larger range of frequencies and these lasts are varying because of the varying rotational speed of the front and rear propellers. Also, they show that over 3000 Hz, the tonal noise becomes hidden by the broadband one which becomes dominant. 

Concerning the Sound Quality Metrics, they show that the overall Psychoacoustic Annoyance score is higher for the fly-over and transition maneuvers compared to the hovering flight. Therefore, the analysis with these different tools shows that the fly-over and the transition phase are the more annoying maneuvers for the human ear and have a greater impact on the community. However, the purpose of this research is to obtain a first understanding of the noise produced by a sUAV and on the impact on observers in the surroundings. 
Acoustic measurements of a sUAV multi-rotors have been performed in a free environment on the campus of the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics. The recordings were conducted when the drone was hovering, flying over, tilting and in transition. The processing of the pressure data was focused on the power spectrum, the spectrogram and on three Sound Quality Metrics in order to give an evaluation of the noise annoyance.

The power spectra and the spectrograms reveal that for all maneuvers except the hover, the main BPF peak takes a larger range of frequencies and these lasts are varying because of the varying rotational speed of the front and rear propellers. Also they show that over 3000 Hz, the tonal noise becomes hidden by the broadband one which becomes dominant. 

Concerning the Sound Quality Metrics, they show that the overall Psychoacoustic Annoyance score is higher for the fly-over and transition maneuvers compared to the hovering flight. Therefore, the analysis with these different tools shows that the fly-over and the transition phase are the more annoying maneuvers for the human ear and have a greater impact on the community.

Drone --- Aeroacoustics --- Noise --- Experiment --- Psychoacoustics --- Multi-Rotors --- UAV --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie aérospatiale

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This book is a reprint of the Special Issue “Intelligent Autonomous Decision-Making and Cooperative Control Technology of High-Speed Vehicle Swarms”,which was published in Applied Sciences.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- hypersonic vehicle --- steady-state cruise --- aircraft parameter --- neural network --- cooperative guidance --- model prediction control --- multi-missile cooperative control --- multi-constraint cooperative guidance --- distributed control --- MAS --- flight control --- fixed-wing UAV --- UAV swarm formation --- distributed ad hoc network --- consistency theory --- formation obstacle avoidance --- multi-UAV --- deep deterministic policy gradient --- cooperative penetration --- dynamic-tracking-interceptor component --- swarm control --- distributed swarm --- dynamic task planning --- task assignment --- event-trigger --- UAV-UGV --- cooperative engagement --- optimal control --- time-varying output formation --- formation keeping --- hypersonic vehicle --- steady-state cruise --- aircraft parameter --- neural network --- cooperative guidance --- model prediction control --- multi-missile cooperative control --- multi-constraint cooperative guidance --- distributed control --- MAS --- flight control --- fixed-wing UAV --- UAV swarm formation --- distributed ad hoc network --- consistency theory --- formation obstacle avoidance --- multi-UAV --- deep deterministic policy gradient --- cooperative penetration --- dynamic-tracking-interceptor component --- swarm control --- distributed swarm --- dynamic task planning --- task assignment --- event-trigger --- UAV-UGV --- cooperative engagement --- optimal control --- time-varying output formation --- formation keeping