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The copper mines of Michigan's Copper Country, in the Upper Peninsula, were active for 150 years, from 1845 until 1995. Many of the mine workers attempted to unionize, in order to obtain better working conditions, wages, and hours. The Michigan miners were unsuccessful in their struggles with mine owners, which came to a climax in the 1913-14 Copper Country Strike. This nine-month battle between workers represented by the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) and the three major mining companies in the region took a particularly nasty turn on Christmas Eve, 1913, at a party for

Finnish Americans --- Immigrants --- Working class --- Labor unions --- History. --- Social life and customs. --- Social conditions. --- Työmies Publishing Company --- Hancock (Mich.) --- Ethnic relations.