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Ural-Altaic languages. --- Ural-Altaic philology. --- Scythian languages --- Turanian languages --- Altaic languages --- Samoyedic languages

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This volume offers an important contribution to the comparative historical study of languages. Most of the articles deal with topics concerning the Indo-European proto-language as well as the individual languages descended from it. Essays in Finno-Ugric philology complete the volume. The book is divided in 8 sections: I. Indo-European, II. Anatolian, III. Indic, IV. Iranian and Armenian, V. Celtic, VI. Germanic Languages, VII. Slavic and Albanian, VIII. Fennougrica and Altaica.

Indo-European languages --- Ural-Altaic languages --- Indo-European languages. --- Ural-Altaic languages. --- Scythian languages --- Turanian languages --- Altaic languages --- Samoyedic languages --- Aryan languages --- Indo-Germanic languages

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The red thread which runs through this book is a quest for relative chronology of linguistic developments. The probability of a reconstruction can be judged against the background of the transitions which it implies for the linguistic system as a whole. The reconstructions are always bottom-up, never top-down. It follows that the chapters on Germanic can be read without reference to the Indo-European background and that the Indo-Uralic part of the book can be left out of consideration if one does not want to look beyond Proto-Indo-European. The initial chapters of the book offer an introduction to the background and methodology of the reconstructions with a discussion of the spread of the Indo-Europeans, the role of general linguistics in linguistic reconstruction, the nature of mixed languages, the origin of the Goths, the relations between Indo-European, Uralic and Caucasian languages, and the structure and development of Proto-Indo-European. The following chapters deal with the phonology and morphosyntax of Indo-European, Greek, Indo-Iranian and Tocharian. These are followed by a discussion of Germanic phonology, verb classes, verbal and nominal inflexion, and specific issues in English, German and Scandinavian languages. After a short treatment of Albanian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic and Italo-Celtic topics, the volume is concluded with a discussion of Anatolian and Indo-Uralic phonology and morphosyntax. The book is of interest to students of Germanic, Indo-European and historical linguistics.

Germanic languages --- Indo-European languages --- Ural-Altaic languages --- Phonology. --- Scythian languages --- Turanian languages --- Sievers' law --- Verner's law --- Altaic languages --- Samoyedic languages --- Germanic languages. --- Indo-European languages. --- Uralic languages. --- Uralian languages --- Aryan languages --- Indo-Germanic languages --- Teutonic languages --- Uralic languages --- History. --- Grammar, Historical --- Phonology, Historical

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Linguistics --- Eastern and Central Europe --- Slavic languages --- Ural-Altaic languages --- Langues slaves --- Langues ouralo-altaïques --- Europe, Eastern --- Europe de l'Est --- Languages --- Langues --- #KVHA:Linguistiek; Oost-Europa --- Language and culture --- Language and history --- Slavic languages. --- Ural-Altaic languages. --- Oeraalse talen. --- Slavische talen. --- Talen. --- Turkse talen. --- Langues ouralo-altaïques --- Scythian languages --- Turanian languages --- Altaic languages --- Samoyedic languages --- Balto-Slavic languages --- Slavonic languages --- Indo-European languages --- History and language --- Linguistics and history --- History --- Culture and language --- Culture --- Languages. --- Europe [Eastern ] --- Language and culture - Europe, Eastern --- Language and history - Europe, Eastern --- Europe, Eastern - Languages

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Sensitivity to languages is central to any serious analysis of inequality between Global North and Global South. Development NGOs and Languages is a long overdue intervention in this area, exploring urgent questions of interpreting and translation in the work of international NGOs. Drawing on extensive geographical and institutional case studies, the book recasts development as an inherently multilingual operation. The result is essential reading for scholars and practitioners in this field. – Charles Forsdick, AHRC Theme Leadership Fellow, Translating Cultures This book addresses, for the first time, the question of how development NGOs attempt to 'listen' to communities in linguistically diverse environments. NGOs are under increasing pressure to demonstrate that they 'listen' to the people and communities that they are trying to serve, but this can be an immensely challenging task where there are significant language and cultural differences. However, until now, there has been no systematic study of the role of foreign languages in development work. The authors present findings based on interviews with a wide range of NGO staff and government officials, NGO archives, and Southern NGOs in Malawi, Peru and Kyrgyzstan.They suggest ways in which NGOs can reform their language policies to listen to the recipients of aid more effectively. Angela M. Crack is Reader in Civil Society at the University of Portsmouth. Her publications focus on her research specialism of NGO accountability, particularly regarding issues of self-regulation and accountability to beneficiaries. Hilary Footitt is Hon. Research Fellow in the Department of Languages and Cultures, University of Reading, and PI for the AHRC funded project: 'The Listening Zones of NGOs: Languages and Cultural Knowledge in development programmes'. She has written widely on languages in war and conflict, and is the co-editor of the Palgrave ‘Languages at War’ series. Wine Tesseur is a Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Irish Research Council postdoctoral Fellow in the School of Applied Language and Intercultural Studies at Dublin City University, where she conducts research in collaboration with the Irish NGO GOAL on ‘Translation as Empowerment: Translation as a contributor to human rights in the Global South‘. Her research specialism is translation policies in NGOs.

Non-governmental organizations. --- INGOs (International agencies) --- International non-governmental organizations --- NGOs (International agencies) --- Nongovernmental organizations --- Organizations, Non-governmental (International agencies) --- Private and voluntary organizations (International agencies) --- PVOs (International agencies) --- International agencies --- Nonprofit organizations --- Economic policy. --- Economic development. --- Social change. --- Economic development—Environmental aspects. --- Linguistic minorities. --- Ural-Altaic languages. --- Development Policy. --- Development and Social Change. --- Development and Sustainability. --- Minority Languages. --- Uralic-Altaic Languages. --- Scythian languages --- Turanian languages --- Altaic languages --- Samoyedic languages --- Minority languages --- Language and languages --- Minorities --- Sociolinguistics --- Change, Social --- Cultural change --- Cultural transformation --- Societal change --- Socio-cultural change --- Social history --- Social evolution --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Political aspects --- Minoritized languages