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Serotonin --- Congresses --- Tryptophan --- Tryptophan - Congresses.
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Human biochemistry --- Nutritionary hygiene. Diet --- Tryptophan. --- Tryptophan --- metabolism. --- TRYPTOPHAN --- METABOLISM
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Tryptophan --- Tryptophan --- Metabolism --- Congresses --- Physiological effect --- Congresses
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INDOLE ALKALOIDS --- TRYPTOPHAN --- INDOLE ALKALOIDS --- TRYPTOPHAN
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Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a cytosolic enzyme which catalyses the first stage of tryptophan degradation along the kynurenine pathway. The study of IDO at the placental level showed that local tryptophan depletion due to the constitutive expression of this enzyme by foetal cells results in the inhibition of maternal T lymphocytes proliferation. These results encouraged us to see if tumor cells could also express this enzyme, which enable them to resist to immune rejection. Indeed, transfection of a plasmid encoding IDO in P815 cells enables them to escape immune rejection in immunized DBA2 mice. This effect can early be relieved by administration of 1-methyl-tryptophan administration , an IDO –inhibitor.
Histochemistry studies of cancerous biopsies showed the presence of IDO protein in a large proportion of the tumours. The constitutive character of the tumoral expression was to confirmed by RT-PCR and western blot performed on tumoral cell.
In order to check the IDO expressed in our human tumor lines was functional, we develop f-during this work an enzymatic assay for IDO, based on measurement of kynurenin by HPLC. This test showed a good correlation between mRNA or protein expression and a functional activity. As the IDO activity level in these human tumor lines was higher than in the P815B-Mido murine transfectants used in the in vivo model, we can conclude that the human tumoral IDO expression is potentially sufficient to constitute an immune escape mechanism.
All these results suggest that using 1MT could increase the effectiveness of the immunotherapies which are currently developed in cancerous patients as clinical trials L’indoléamine 2,3-dioxygénase (IDO) est une enzyme cytosolique qui catalyse la première étape de la dégradation du tryptophane le long de la voie de la kynurénine. L’étude de l’IDO au niveau placentaire a montré que la déplétion locale en tryptophane, due à l’expression constitutive de cette enzyme par les cellules d’origine fœtale, inhibait la prolifération des lymphocytes T maternels. Ces résultats ont incité notre laboratoire à vérifier si les cellules tumorales pouvaient, elles aussi, exprimer ce gène ; ce qui constituerait un mécanisme immunosuppressif en leur permettant de résister au rejet anti tumoral. En effet, la transfection d’un plasmide codant l’IDO dans les cellules P815 leur permet d’échapper au rejet immunitaire dans des souris immunisées. Cet effet peut clairement être atténué par l’administration d’un inhibiteur de l’IDO , le 1-methyl-tryptophane.
Des études immunohistochimiques de biopsies de patients cancéreux ont permis de mettre en évidence la présence de la protéine dans une grande proportion des tumeurs. Le caractère constitutif de l’expression a ensuite été confirmé au niveau de lignées tumorales par RT-PCR et western blot.
Afin de vérifier si nos lignées tumorales humaines montraient une expression fonctionnelle de l’IDO nous avons mis au point au cours de ce travail un test enzymatique basé sur le dosage du produit de l4IDO (kynurénine). Ce test a permis de constater que l’expression de l aprotéine, mise en évidence par RT-PCR et western blot, était corrélée à une activité fonctionnelle. Le degré de l’activité IDO de ces lignées tumorales humaines étant supérieur à celui des transfectants murins P815-mIDO utilisés dans le modèle in vivo, on peut donc en conclure qu’il est potentiellement suffisant pour constituer un mécanisme d’échappement au rejet anti tumoral.
L’ensemble de ces résultats nous suggère que l’utilisation du 1MT pourrait augmenter l’efficacité des immunothérapies développées actuellement en essais cliniques chez des patients cancéreux
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Behaviour. --- L-tryptophan. --- Mice.
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Tryptophan. --- Amino acids --- Organic cyclic compounds --- High-tryptophan diet
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Tryptophan is a rate-limiting essential amino acid and a unique building block of peptides and proteins. This largest amino acid serves as the precursor for the important endogenous indoleamines serotonin, N-acetylserotonin, and melatonin that act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neurohormones. Kynurenic acid is the most potent endogenous antiexitotoxic agent. Other highly relevant pathways of tryptophan are the reversible transamination to indole-3-pyruvate with formation related indolic acids that act as potent antioxidant agents. Tryptophan metabolites, such as melatonin, and structurally related agents, such as indole-3-propionic acid, act as potent catalytic antioxidants and bioenergetic agents that facilitate regeneration and protection against stress and aging. Several indole compounds act as uremic toxins since these agents can induce radical formation that is associated with enhanced oxidative stress and damage. The exploration of the effects of these protective and toxic tryptophan derived agents has revealed important molecular mechanisms and mediators of adaptation and aging. Research on tryptophan in nutrition and health can facilitate the development of new approaches to extend human health and life span. Amino acids are the building blocks of life that enable repair, as well as recycling and regeneration. Research on nutrients like amino acids, such as tryptophan and its metabolites, as well as peptides and proteins, or extracts containing this molecular metabolism modifiers can improve health. Research into the indololome is a new emerging and rapidly growing field of utmost relevance to science and society.
Tryptophan. --- Amino acids --- Organic cyclic compounds --- High-tryptophan diet
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Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. --- Tryptophan --- Tryptophan --- Biotechnology --- Safety measures. --- Toxicology.
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Behaviour. --- Design. --- Equine. --- Horse. --- Tryptophan.
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