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Plant ecology. Plant sociology --- Forest ecology --- Forest plants --- Trees --- Vegetation dynamics --- Congresses. --- Ecophysiology --- Écosystème --- ecosystems --- forests --- Écologie forestière --- forest ecology --- Soil --- Climat --- climate --- Pollution atmosphérique --- air pollution --- Zone méditerranéenne --- Mediterranean zone --- Europe --- Environmental Sciences and Forestry. Forestry --- Forest Ecology --- Forest Ecology. --- Forest ecology - Congresses. --- Forest plants - Ecophysiology - Congresses. --- Trees - Ecophysiology - Congresses. --- Vegetation dynamics - Congresses. --- Foret atlantique --- Foret mediterraneenne --- Foret d'europe centrale

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Timberline --- Trees --- Forest ecology --- Mountain plants --- Ecophysiology --- Physiology --- Timberline. --- Forest ecology. --- 581.524.444 --- 630*18 --- Alpine flora --- Alpine plants --- Alpine region plants --- Alpine vegetation --- Alpines (Plants) --- High altitude plants --- High altitude vegetation --- Montane plants --- Mountain flora --- Mountain vegetation --- Mountain wildlife --- Sub-alpine plants --- Sub-alpine vegetation --- Subalpine plants --- Subalpine vegetation --- Plants --- Forests and forestry --- Ecology --- Dendrology --- Nursery stock --- Woody plants --- Arboriculture --- Timber --- Alpine timberline --- Alpine treeline --- Latitudinal timberline --- Latitudinal treeline --- Timber-line --- Tree line --- Treeline --- Mountain ecology --- Vegetation boundaries --- Ecophysiology. --- Physiology. --- Alpine regions --- Plant ecology --- 581.524.444 Alpine regions --- 630*18 Plant ecology --- Forest ecosystems --- Trees - Ecophysiology --- Mountain plants - Ecophysiology --- Timberline - Alps --- Trees - Alps - Physiology --- Forest ecology - Alps --- Mountain plants - Alps

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This important contribution is the result of decades of theoretical thinking and high-value data collection by the University of Helsinki examining forest ecosystems in great detail. The ecology is dominated by a qualitative approach, e.g. species and vegetation zones, but in contrast quantitative thinking is characteristic in the exact sciences of physics and physiology. The editors have bridged the gap between ecology and the exact sciences with an interdisciplinary and quantitative approach. This book recognizes this discrepancy as a hindrance to fruitful knowledge flow between the disciplines, and that physical and physiological knowledge has been omitted from forest ecology to a great extent. Starting with the importance of mass and energy flows in the interactions between forest ecosystems and their environment, the editors and authors offer a strong contribution to the pioneer H. T. Odum and his work from over 50 years ago. This book introduces a holistic synthesis of carbon and nitrogen fluxes in forest ecosystems from cell to stand level during the lifetime of trees. Metabolism and physical phenomena give rise to concentration, pressure and temperature differences that generate the material and energy fluxes between living organisms and their environment. The editors and authors utilize physiological, physical and anatomical background information to formulate theoretical ideas dealing with the effects of the environment and the state of enzymes, membrane pumps and pigments on metabolism. The emergent properties play an important role in the transitions from detailed to more aggregate levels in the ecosystem. Conservation of mass and energy allow the construction of dynamic models of carbon and nitrogen fluxes and pools at various levels in the hierarchy of forest ecosystems. Testing the predictions of these theories dealing with different phenomena in forest ecosystems was completed using the versatile and extensive data measured at SMEAR I and II (Stations for Measuring Ecosystem Atmosphere Relations) and at six additional stands in Finland, and five stands in Estonia. The theories are able to predict fluxes at different levels in the forest ecosystem gaining strong corroboration in the numerous field tests. Finally, the combined results from different hierarchical levels in the forest ecosystem form the physical and physiological theory of forest ecology.

Forest ecology. --- Mountain plants -- Ecophysiology. --- Trees -- Ecophysiology. --- Forest ecology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Forests and forestry --- Ecology --- Environment. --- Science. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Ecology. --- Zoology. --- Biophysics. --- Biological physics. --- Climate change. --- Climate Change. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Science, general. --- Biophysics and Biological Physics. --- Climatic changes. --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary. --- Biological and Medical Physics, Biophysics. --- Biology --- Natural history --- Animals --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Environmental aspects --- Ecology . --- Biological physics --- Medical sciences --- Physics --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Global environmental change