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Betula pubescens --- -Plant ecology --- -Timberline --- -Alpine timberline --- Alpine treeline --- Latitudinal timberline --- Latitudinal treeline --- Timber-line --- Tree line --- Treeline --- Forest ecology --- Mountain ecology --- Vegetation boundaries --- Botany --- Plants --- Ecology --- Betula alba --- Betula odorata --- Hairy birch --- White birch (Betula pubescens) --- Birch --- -Betula pubescens --- Downy birch --- Plant ecology --- Timberline --- Alpine timberline --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Floristic ecology

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Mountain ecosystems belong to the most endangered ecosystems in the world. Especially, the treeline ecotone acts as an indicator for environmental change. However, ecological processes in the treeline ecotone are not yet completely understood. The studies provided in this book may contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between vegetation, climate, fauna, and soils in the treeline ecotone. An introductory chapter is given on plants living under extreme conditions, climate change aspects, and methods for characterization of alpine soils. The following articles focus on mountainous areas in America, Europe and Asia. The Working Group on Mountain and Northern Ecosystems at the Insti- te of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster (Germany), has been working on topics related to the treeline ecotone for several decades. This period under the chairmanship of Friedrich-Karl Holtmeier has come to an end now when he retired in 2004. He initiated numerous studies in high mountains and in the North. Many of his students, who became infected by the ‘mountain virus’, will continue these investigations on ecological processes in the altitudinal and northern treeline ecotones. With this compilation of studies in mountain ecosystems we want to thank Friedrich-Karl Holtmeier for his excellent guidance in these cold and fascinating environments.

Mountain ecology. --- Timberline. --- Alpine timberline --- Alpine treeline --- Latitudinal timberline --- Latitudinal treeline --- Timber-line --- Tree line --- Treeline --- Forest ecology --- Mountain ecology --- Vegetation boundaries --- Alpine ecology --- Alpine region ecology --- Alpine regions --- Mountains --- Upland ecology --- Ecology --- Geology. --- Ecology. --- Endangered ecosystems. --- Geography. --- Biogeosciences. --- Geoecology/Natural Processes. --- Ecosystems. --- Geography, general. --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history --- Threatened ecosystems --- Biotic communities --- Nature conservation --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Natural history --- Geobiology. --- Ecology . --- Geoecology. --- Environmental geology. --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Geoecology --- Environmental protection --- Physical geology --- Biosphere

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Timberline --- Trees --- Forest ecology --- Mountain plants --- Ecophysiology --- Physiology --- Timberline. --- Forest ecology. --- 581.524.444 --- 630*18 --- Alpine flora --- Alpine plants --- Alpine region plants --- Alpine vegetation --- Alpines (Plants) --- High altitude plants --- High altitude vegetation --- Montane plants --- Mountain flora --- Mountain vegetation --- Mountain wildlife --- Sub-alpine plants --- Sub-alpine vegetation --- Subalpine plants --- Subalpine vegetation --- Plants --- Forests and forestry --- Ecology --- Dendrology --- Nursery stock --- Woody plants --- Arboriculture --- Timber --- Alpine timberline --- Alpine treeline --- Latitudinal timberline --- Latitudinal treeline --- Timber-line --- Tree line --- Treeline --- Mountain ecology --- Vegetation boundaries --- Ecophysiology. --- Physiology. --- Alpine regions --- Plant ecology --- 581.524.444 Alpine regions --- 630*18 Plant ecology --- Forest ecosystems --- Trees - Ecophysiology --- Mountain plants - Ecophysiology --- Timberline - Alps --- Trees - Alps - Physiology --- Forest ecology - Alps --- Mountain plants - Alps

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Extreme climatic events, such as intense and prolonged droughts and heat waves, are occurring with increasing frequency and with pronounced impacts on forests. Forest trees, as long-lived organisms, need to develop adaptation mechanisms to successfully respond to such climatic extremes. Whether physiological adaptations on the tree level result in ecophysiological responses that ensure plasticity of forest ecosystems to climate change is currently in the core forest research. Within this Special Issue, forest species’ responses to climatic variability were reported from diverse climatic zones and ecosystem types: from near-desert mountains in western USA to tropical forests in central America and Asia, and from Mediterranean ecosystems to temperate European forests. The clear effects of constraints related to climate change were evidenced on the tree level, such as in differentiated gene expression, metabolite abundance, sap flow rates, photosynthetic performance, seed germination, survival and growth, while on the ecosystem level, tree line shifts, temporal shifts in allocation of resources and species shifts were identified. Experimental schemes such as common gardens and provenance trails also provided long-term indications on the tolerance of forest species against drought and warming and serve to evaluate their performance under the predicted climate in near future. These findings enhance our knowledge on the potential resilience of forest species and ecosystems to climate change and provide an updated basis for continuing research on this topic.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- Cedrela odorata --- seeds --- germination --- cardinal temperatures --- thermal time --- climate change --- dendrochronology --- ecology --- moving window analysis --- Pinaceae --- Pinus arizonica Engelm. --- Pinus ponderosa var. brachyptera (Engelm.) --- Ponderosae --- response function --- tree rings --- global climate change --- forest ecology --- trees adaptation --- phenotypic plasticity --- Phoebe bournei --- nitrogen --- carbon dioxide --- photosynthesis --- leaf anatomy --- National Park --- tree line shift --- acclimation --- adaptation --- common garden --- drought --- ecodistance --- mortality --- stomatal frequency --- stomatal size --- sap flux --- radial profile --- sapwood depth --- Aleppo pine --- diurnal variation --- seasonal variation --- climate --- basal area increment --- forest dieback --- Mediterranean forest --- stem growth --- water availability --- Quercus --- morphology evaluation --- survival rate --- extreme frost --- heat and drought --- open-top chamber --- RNA sequencing --- gene expression analysis --- Populus

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Mountain Timberlines is published as part of the broad area of research on the changing global climate and its impact on the environment. The upper timberline is the most conspicuous vegetation limit in high-mountain areas of all continents and islands, except for the Antarctic. The dynamics of timberline establishment and maintenance is being affected by global warming in a number of ways. From a global view point, the present timberline is far from being caused only by the current climate, but instead reflects also history of climate, human impact and local site conditions. It is the objective of the book to highlight the physiognomic and ecological variety of mountain timberlines as well as their regionally and locally varying heterogeneity and temporal dynamics thus giving a complex view of the global timberline pattern. After an introduction into the complexities of the subject, the history and present state of timberline research are outlined. Chapters on the tree species at timberline and on the relationship of timberline elevation to marcroclimate, climate character and the mass-elevation effect follow. The main chapter deals with the physiognomic and ecological differentiation of altitudinal timberlines, in particular with the timberline controlling physical and biological factors, their interactions and their influence on the spatial structures and temporal dynamics in the timberline ecotone. Also, the feedbacks of trees and tree stands on the timberline environment are considered. This is the base for understanding the response of timberlines to climatically driven changes, which are considered in the last chapters.

Forest ecology. --- Plant ecology. --- Timberline. --- Timberline --- Forest ecology --- Mountain plants --- Mountain ecology --- Botany --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Ecology --- Plant Ecology --- Ecophysiology --- Forests and forestry --- Alpine timberline --- Alpine treeline --- Latitudinal timberline --- Latitudinal treeline --- Timber-line --- Tree line --- Treeline --- Life sciences. --- Physical geography. --- Ecology. --- Landscape ecology. --- Trees. --- Climate change. --- Life Sciences. --- Landscape Ecology. --- Climate Change. --- Physical Geography. --- Tree Biology. --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Dendrology --- Nursery stock --- Woody plants --- Arboriculture --- Timber --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Geography --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Environmental aspects --- Vegetation boundaries --- Climatic changes. --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Ecology . --- Global environmental change