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Export controls --- Administrative agencies --- Transshipment --- Government policy

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For millennia, the Mediterranean has been one of the most active trading areas, supported by a transport network connecting riparian cities and beyond to their hinterland. The Mediterranean has complex trade patterns and routes--but with key differences from the past. It is no longer an isolated world economy: it is both a trading area and a transit area linking Europe and North Africa with the rest of the world through the hub-and-spoke structure of maritime networks.Understanding how trade connectivity works in the Mediterranean, and elsewhere, is important to policy makers, especially those in developing countries in the Mediterranean, concerned with the economic benefits of large investment in infrastructure. Better connectivity is expected to increase trade with distant markets and stimulate activities in the hinterland.This book is a practical exploration of the three interdependent dimensions of trade connectivity: maritime networks, port efficiency, and hinterland connectivity. Because of the complexity and richness of maritime and trade patterns in the Mediterranean, the research book combines both a regional focus and globally scalable lessons.This book is intended for a wide readership of policy makers in maritime affairs, trade, or industry; professionals from the world of finance or development institutions; and academics. It combines empirical analysis of microeconomic shipping and port data with three case studies of choice of port (focusing on Spain, Egypt, and Morocco) and five case studies on hinterland development (Barcelona; Malta; Marseilles; Port Said East, Egypt; and Tanger Med, Morocco).

Clusters --- Connectivity --- Gateway --- Hinterland --- Hub --- Intermodal --- Logistics --- Networks --- Port --- Shipping --- Trade --- Transshipment

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1.1 Freight Transshipment We observe an ongoing trend towards globalized industrial produc­ tion. Multinational companies aim at strategic competitive advantages by distributing their activities around the globe. As a result, the in­ dividual supply chains become longer and more complex. Next to the supply chain reliability, companies try to keep supply chains cost effi­ cient and responsive, i.e. warrant short order fulfillment lead times (Siirie and Wagner, 2005). The above goals dictate low inventory levels at the stages of a supply chain as well as a high frequency of transports between the partners involved. Supply Chain Requirements. Detailed performance measures for a supply chain are provided by the Supply Chain Operations Refer­ ence (SCOR) model (Supply-Chain Council, 2002). The SCOR model provides four levels with increasing detail of process modeling. In accor­ dance to the process detail depicted SCOR metrics are defined for each level. Level 1 distinguishes metrics addressing the reliability of supply chains, their responsiveness, flexibility, cost and optionally their assets. On levels 2-4 these metrics are operationalized with respect to the pro­ cess types source, make and deliver. Thus, as substantial activities of the deliver process, transport and transshipment are evaluated as an integral part of the supply chain.

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