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Altaic languages --- Philology --- Scythian languages --- Proto-Altaic language --- Ural-Altaic languages --- Festschrift - Libri Amicorum --- Transeurasian languages

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Scythians --- Altaic languages --- Altaic languages. --- Scythians. --- Scythen. --- Taalverwantschap. --- Iranians --- Sauromatians --- Scythian languages --- Proto-Altaic language --- Ural-Altaic languages --- Transeurasian languages

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Double-negative periphrastic litotes have been for nearly three centuries the usual way to express necessitive predicates in Japanese and Korean. These constructions do not, however, go back to the earliest stages of these languages and should not be invoked as evidence of a possible common origin. But Korean also has a double-affirmative periphrastic necessitive construction. Premodern Japanese has no overt counterpart to it, but it does have an auxiliary adjective that expresses necessity. I argue that this auxiliary was a grammaticalization of a periphrastic analogous in form and meaning to

Altaic languages --- Scythian languages --- Transeurasian languages --- Proto-Altaic language --- Ural-Altaic languages --- Grammaticalization. --- Grammar, Comparative. --- Morphology. --- Syntax.

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Altaic languages --- Langues altaïques --- Etymology --- Dictionaries --- Etymologie --- Dictionnaires --- Langues altaïques --- Scythian languages --- Proto-Altaic language --- Ural-Altaic languages --- Transeurasian languages --- Dictionaries.

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The paper reviews the data concerning the nominal inflectional morphology in the chain of languages comprising Uralic, Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic and Japonic, collectively termed "Ural-Altaic". Although nominal morphology has traditionally been quoted in support of the hypothesis concerning the genetic relationship of these languages, a more detailed survey of the data shows that the extant parallels are in various ways secondary and/or accidental. This suggests that Ural-Altaic is an areal and typological complex of languages, but not a genetic entity. On the other hand, it is also

Paradigm (Linguistics) --- Altaic languages --- Comparative linguistics --- Scythian languages --- Transeurasian languages --- Proto-Altaic language --- Ural-Altaic languages --- Paradigmatics (Linguistics) --- Substitution class (Linguistics) --- Linguistics --- Comparative philology --- Philology, Comparative --- Historical linguistics --- Morphology. --- Verb.