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This paper uses the World Bank database on deep trade agreements to demonstrate the rapid increase in preferential trade agreements with standards of intellectual property protection that are enforceable and elevated beyond the minimums required in the World Trade Organization Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement. These accords are referred to as intellectual property-related preferential trade agreements. The paper sets out a treatment-control econometric approach, in which treated agreements are defined by various characteristics and the control group is other preferential trade agreements. This approach is used to study whether membership in intellectual property-related preferential trade agreements affects a country's trade with nonmember countries. For this purpose, the paper defines a set of industries that intensively use intellectual property rights (the high-intellectual property group) and a set of industries that do not (the low-intellectual property group). There is evidence that countries in these agreements with the United States, the European Union, or the European Free Trade Association experience significant increases in third-country aggregated exports of biopharmaceuticals at all levels of income, while exports of low-intellectual property goods are relatively diminished, compared with the control preferential trade agreements. This result is reinforced using detailed bilateral sectoral trade and holds also for exports of medical devices from higher-income economies. Because these industries are the target of many elevated standards in intellectual property-related preferential trade agreements, the result suggests that these policies affect trade volumes. Further exploratory analysis suggests that these impacts are associated with higher local sales of affiliates of multinational firms, using US data. These are viewed as preliminary findings that point to the need for further analysis.
Deep Trade Agreement --- Intellectual Property Rights --- International Economics and Trade --- International Trade and Trade Rules --- Pharmaceuticals --- Preferential Trade Agreements --- Trade and Regional Integration --- Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- Trips --- World Trade Organization
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Industrial and intellectual property --- European Union --- Patents (International law). --- Intellectual property (International law). --- Brevets d'invention --- Propriété intellectuelle (Droit international) --- Droit international --- Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights --- Intellectual property (International law) --- Patents (International law) --- Patent laws and legislation (International law) --- International law --- Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce --- ADPIC --- Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization --- Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- Agreement on TRIPs --- Guan mao zong xie ding yu mao yi you guan de zhi shi can quan xie ding (1994 April 15) --- Ittifāqīyat al-Jawānib al-Muttaṣilah bi-al-Tijārah min Ḥuqūq al-Milkīyah al-Fikrīyah (1994 April 15) --- Soglashenie po torgovym aspektam prav intellektualʹnoĭ sobstvennosti --- TRIPs --- TRIPs Agreement --- Uruguay Round Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- World Trade Organization-TRIPs Agreement --- WTO Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights --- WTO-TRIPs Agreement
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Industrial and intellectual property --- European Union --- Intellectual property (International law). --- Propriété intellectuelle (Droit international) --- Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights --- Propriété intellectuelle (Droit international) --- Intellectual property (International law) --- Marks of origin --- Geographical indications (Marks of origin) --- Origin, Marks of --- Identification --- International law --- Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce --- ADPIC --- Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization --- Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- Agreement on TRIPs --- Guan mao zong xie ding yu mao yi you guan de zhi shi can quan xie ding (1994 April 15) --- Ittifāqīyat al-Jawānib al-Muttaṣilah bi-al-Tijārah min Ḥuqūq al-Milkīyah al-Fikrīyah (1994 April 15) --- Soglashenie po torgovym aspektam prav intellektualʹnoĭ sobstvennosti --- TRIPs --- TRIPs Agreement --- Uruguay Round Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- World Trade Organization-TRIPs Agreement --- WTO Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights --- WTO-TRIPs Agreement
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The TRIPS Agreement was implemented in the WTO to gain access to a functioning dispute settlement mechanism that could authorize trade sanctions. Yet TRIPS and the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding are based on systems that developed independently in WIPO and GATT. In this book, Matthew Kennedy exposes the challenges created by the integration and independence of TRIPS within the WTO by examining how this trade organization comes to grips with intellectual property disputes. He contrasts the way intellectual property disputes between governments have been handled before and after the establishment of the WTO. Based on practical experience, this book provides a comprehensive review of the issues that arise under the DSU, TRIPS, GATT 1994 and other WTO agreements in intellectual property matters. These range from procedural pitfalls to substantive treaty interpretation and conflicts as well as remedies, including cross-retaliation.
Intellectual property (International law) --- Foreign trade regulation. --- Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights --- Export and import controls --- Foreign trade control --- Foreign trade regulation --- Import and export controls --- International trade --- International trade control --- International trade regulation --- Prohibited exports and imports --- Trade regulation --- International law --- Law and legislation --- Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce --- ADPIC --- Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization --- Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- Agreement on TRIPs --- Guan mao zong xie ding yu mao yi you guan de zhi shi can quan xie ding (1994 April 15) --- Ittifāqīyat al-Jawānib al-Muttaṣilah bi-al-Tijārah min Ḥuqūq al-Milkīyah al-Fikrīyah (1994 April 15) --- Soglashenie po torgovym aspektam prav intellektualʹnoĭ sobstvennosti --- TRIPs --- TRIPs Agreement --- Uruguay Round Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- World Trade Organization-TRIPs Agreement --- WTO Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights --- WTO-TRIPs Agreement
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Elgar Advanced Introductions are stimulating and thoughtful introductions to major fields in the social sciences and law, expertly written by the world's leading scholars. This authoritative introduction provides a detailed overview of the complexities of the international intellectual property regime and the ways in which it operates. The authors cover the key international institutions and agreements that regulate and inform intellectual property at an international level such as the TRIPS Agreement, WIPO, WTO, the Paris Convention and the Berne Convention. The book serves as a platform to understand and contextualize policy discussions on topics such as public health, Internet regulation, as well as regional and bilateral trade treaties. Key features include: • Accessible and carefully summarized overview of the field • Comprehensive and up-to-date review of all major international intellectual property institutions and instruments • Introduces current issues within international IP negotiations • Provides tools to analyze the history and possible future development of international IP norms. Students, researchers, policy makers and practitioners of intellectual property will find this book to be an invaluable resource in gaining an understanding of the international rules and context in which both domestic and international IP policy issues should be understood.
Technological innovations --- Intellectual property --- Law and legislation --- Propriété intellectuelle (droit international) --- Intellectual property (International law) --- International law --- Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights --- Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce --- ADPIC --- Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization --- Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- Agreement on TRIPs --- Guan mao zong xie ding yu mao yi you guan de zhi shi can quan xie ding (1994 April 15) --- Ittifāqīyat al-Jawānib al-Muttaṣilah bi-al-Tijārah min Ḥuqūq al-Milkīyah al-Fikrīyah (1994 April 15) --- Soglashenie po torgovym aspektam prav intellektualʹnoĭ sobstvennosti --- TRIPs --- TRIPs Agreement --- Uruguay Round Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- World Trade Organization-TRIPs Agreement --- WTO Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights --- WTO-TRIPs Agreement --- Industrial and intellectual property
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Do patents rules prevent countries from acquiring affordable medicines? A number of legal experts and governments have felt that the WTO, in particular the TRIPS Agreement, forces countries to favour patents over public health. The WTO sought to settle this dispute by concluding the Public Health Declaration. This book closely analyses the legal situation within the WTO prior to the Declaration and the consequences that resulted from it. It discusses the value of the changes, nationally and internationally, and the extent to which it makes the access to medicines more affordable. This review addresses not only the mere assessment of the positions of pro-patent countries but also takes a look at the obligations that developing countries have internationally and to their citizens. The analysis in this book is a comprehensive aid to lawyers as it explains the scope and purpose of the TRIPS Agreement provisions. It assists politicians and lobbyists by demystifying the treaty texts and by indicating the boundaries of lawful governmental action. Public Health representatives will be able to use this book to implement health care measures in a lawful way, both nationally and internationally.
Drugs --- Public health --- Intellectual property (International law) --- Law and legislation --- Patents. --- Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights --- International law --- Medicaments --- Medications --- Medicine (Drugs) --- Medicines (Drugs) --- Pharmaceuticals --- Prescription drugs --- Bioactive compounds --- Medical supplies --- Pharmacopoeias --- Chemotherapy --- Materia medica --- Pharmacology --- Pharmacy --- Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce --- ADPIC --- Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization --- Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- Agreement on TRIPs --- Guan mao zong xie ding yu mao yi you guan de zhi shi can quan xie ding (1994 April 15) --- Ittifāqīyat al-Jawānib al-Muttaṣilah bi-al-Tijārah min Ḥuqūq al-Milkīyah al-Fikrīyah (1994 April 15) --- Soglashenie po torgovym aspektam prav intellektualʹnoĭ sobstvennosti --- TRIPs --- TRIPs Agreement --- Uruguay Round Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- World Trade Organization-TRIPs Agreement --- WTO Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights --- WTO-TRIPs Agreement --- Markenrecht --- Urheberrecht / Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Medienrecht --- Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz
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Interestingly enough, food, being central to every human being, has been excluded from pat-entability in many patent laws. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) now forces all Members of the World Trade Organization to abolish the exemption. For this reason, this study looks at the Patent Acts of Germany, Brazil, China, and India in a comparative law approach with respect to the exemption to patentability of food-related inventions and the effects of its abolition. Secondly, it describes the food sector of today and particularly its technological developments. Finally, the intellectual property situation of the food sector is analyzed.
Processed foods --- Food --- Agricultural biotechnology --- Patents. --- Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights --- Agro-biotechnology --- Biotechnology --- Foods --- Dinners and dining --- Home economics --- Table --- Cooking --- Diet --- Dietaries --- Gastronomy --- Nutrition --- Food industry and trade --- Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce --- ADPIC --- Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization --- Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- Agreement on TRIPs --- Guan mao zong xie ding yu mao yi you guan de zhi shi can quan xie ding (1994 April 15) --- Ittifāqīyat al-Jawānib al-Muttaṣilah bi-al-Tijārah min Ḥuqūq al-Milkīyah al-Fikrīyah (1994 April 15) --- Soglashenie po torgovym aspektam prav intellektualʹnoĭ sobstvennosti --- TRIPs --- TRIPs Agreement --- Uruguay Round Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- World Trade Organization-TRIPs Agreement --- WTO Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights --- WTO-TRIPs Agreement --- Primitive societies --- Markenrecht --- Urheberrecht / Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Medienrecht --- Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz
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A brief and accessible guide to the practical workings of the TRIPS agreement, this book offers a unique account of how the international rules of intellectual property function in practice within a broader legal framework that consists of WTO law and dispute resolution procedures.
Intellectual property (International law) --- Foreign trade regulation. --- International law --- Export and import controls --- Foreign trade control --- Foreign trade regulation --- Import and export controls --- International trade --- International trade control --- International trade regulation --- Prohibited exports and imports --- Trade regulation --- Law and legislation --- Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights --- Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce --- ADPIC --- Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization --- Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- Agreement on TRIPs --- Guan mao zong xie ding yu mao yi you guan de zhi shi can quan xie ding (1994 April 15) --- Ittifāqīyat al-Jawānib al-Muttaṣilah bi-al-Tijārah min Ḥuqūq al-Milkīyah al-Fikrīyah (1994 April 15) --- Soglashenie po torgovym aspektam prav intellektualʹnoĭ sobstvennosti --- TRIPs --- TRIPs Agreement --- Uruguay Round Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- World Trade Organization-TRIPs Agreement --- WTO Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights --- WTO-TRIPs Agreement --- E-books
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Intellectual property --- Intellectual property (International law) --- International law --- IP (Intellectual property) --- Proprietary rights --- Rights, Proprietary --- Intangible property --- Law and legislation --- Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights --- Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce --- ADPIC --- Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization --- Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- Agreement on TRIPs --- Guan mao zong xie ding yu mao yi you guan de zhi shi can quan xie ding (1994 April 15) --- Ittifāqīyat al-Jawānib al-Muttaṣilah bi-al-Tijārah min Ḥuqūq al-Milkīyah al-Fikrīyah (1994 April 15) --- Soglashenie po torgovym aspektam prav intellektualʹnoĭ sobstvennosti --- TRIPs --- TRIPs Agreement --- Uruguay Round Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- World Trade Organization-TRIPs Agreement --- WTO Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights --- WTO-TRIPs Agreement
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"Protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) has become a global issue. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) Agreement outlines the minimum standards for IPR protection for WTO members and offers a global regime for IPR protection. However, the benefits of TRIPS are more questionable in poorer countries where national infrastructure for research and development (R&D) and social protection are inadequate, whereas the cost of innovation is high. Today, after more than a decade of intense debate over global IPR protection, the problems remain acute, although there is also evidence of progress and cooperation. This book examines various views of the role of IPRs as incentives for innovation against the backdrop of development and the transfer of technology between globalised, knowledge-based, high technology economies. The book retraces the origins, content and interpretations of the TRIPS Agreement, including its interpretations by WTO dispute settlement organs. It also analyses sources of controversy over IPRs, examining pharmaceutical industry strategies of emerging countries with different IPR policies. The continuing international debate over IPRs is examined in depth, as are TRIPS rules and the controversy about implementing the 'flexibilities' of the Agreement in the light of national policy objectives. The author concludes that for governments in developing countries, as well as for their business and scientific communities, a great deal depends on domestic policy objectives and their implementation. IPR protection should be supporting domestic policies for innovation and investment. This, in turn requires a re-casting of the debate about TRIPS, to place cooperation in global and efficient R&D at the heart of concerns over IPR protection."--Bloomsbury Publishing.
Intellectual property (International law) --- Pharmaceutical industry. --- Drug industry --- Drug trade --- Medicine industry --- Medicines industry --- Prescription medicine industry --- Chemical industry --- International law --- Economic aspects. --- Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights --- Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce --- ADPIC --- Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization --- Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- Agreement on TRIPs --- Guan mao zong xie ding yu mao yi you guan de zhi shi can quan xie ding (1994 April 15) --- Ittifāqīyat al-Jawānib al-Muttaṣilah bi-al-Tijārah min Ḥuqūq al-Milkīyah al-Fikrīyah (1994 April 15) --- Soglashenie po torgovym aspektam prav intellektualʹnoĭ sobstvennosti --- TRIPs --- TRIPs Agreement --- Uruguay Round Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- World Trade Organization-TRIPs Agreement --- WTO Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights --- WTO-TRIPs Agreement --- Pharmaceutical industry --- Economic aspects --- E-books --- Intellectual property (International law) - Economic aspects
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