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This paper emphasizes the range of factors which enter country calculations to seek regional trading arrangements. These include conventional access benefits, but extend to safe haven concerns, the use of trade arrangements to underpin security arrangements, and tactical interplay between multilateral and regional trade negotiating positions. In a final section, results from an earlier modelling effort by Perroni and Whalley are used to emphasize that non- traditional objectives may be quantitatively more important than traditionally analyzed objectives.

Commercial treaties. --- Trade blocs.

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This publication, produced by the Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade (ARTNeT), examines the role of regional trade agreements in international production networks in Asia. It combines research outputs from ARTNeT's second phase and is based on a collaborative effort of various research institutions across the region. The study investigates the impacts of trade policy changes on production networks with specific sectoral case studies, including the automotive, computer hard drive, and textile industries in countries like China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, and Bangladesh. The book aims to inform policymakers and enhance research capacity in developing countries.

International trade. --- Trade blocs.

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Gender equality and inclusion are central to the World Bank Group's twin goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity. Research has shown that the expansion of international trade is essential for poverty reduction, and it provides better job opportunities and increased returns particularly for women working in export-oriented sectors because exporting companies tend to offer more stable employment, higher wages, and better working conditions than the domestic, informal sector. To better understand the cross-border trade and trade facilitation environment in Brazil, especially whether there are gendered differences or disparities between those that identify as belonging to ethnic minority groups or having special needs, the World Bank Group undertook a study through telephone surveys of cross-border trade firms. Customs brokers were also surveyed given that a large majority of traders in Brazil hire customs brokers and/or other agents to facilitate import and export processes and procedures. The work related to this report was undertaken as part of a larger package of technical trade facilitation support to the government of Brazil. The overall objective of this work was to identify specific barriers, broken down by gender, that men and women-led companies and customs brokers face in the cross-border trade of merchandise goods. Where possible, the work high-lighted the experiences of ethnic minorities and people with disabilities. This report summarizes the main challenges that cross-border traders (at the firm level) and customs brokers are facing related to import and export processes and procedures in Brazil. This report also includes recommendations to address the challenges identified, primarily within the scope of the World Trade Organization's Trade Facilitation Agreement (WTO TFA).

Trade blocs. --- International economic integration.

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The book explores bilateral and regional trade agreements and examines how they are changing international trade rules. It offers an important contribution to the current debate on the role of the WTO in regulating international trade and how WTO rules relate to new rules being developed by RTAs. The work is based on what is probably the largest dataset used to date. It provides a deep analysis of RTA provisions, identifying which provisions tend to be more liberalizing than others, whether there are any trends that can be identified and whether RTA provisions are moving ahead of the WTO framework, thereby creating a dual system of standards for international trade. Co-published with Cambridge University Press.

Foreign trade regulation --- Free trade --- Trade blocs

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Trade blocs --- Transportation --- International economic integration