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Despite strong protectionist sentiments, trade regimes have remained open in Central European countries invited to negotiate their accession to the European Union. Regional disciplines (the EU factor), combined with the legacy of low tariffs under GATT commitments, appear to have offset domestic protectionist impulses. Kaminski examines the development of foreign trade institutions and policies in Central European countries invited to negotiate their accession to the European Union. With the dismantling of state trading, conditions of market access have been dramatically liberalized. However, except for Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the Czech Republic, most Central European countries have followed a policy of bilateral rather than multilateral trade liberalization. The fall in tariff rates on preferential imports has prompted a search for nontariff barriers, but these countries' trade regimes have remained open - which is surprising, considering the strong protectionist sentiments in economic administration. Regional disciplines (the EU factor), combined with the legacy of low tariffs under GATT commitments, appear to have been responsible for this openness. Foreign trade policy has been shaped by tensions between domestic protectionist impulses and pressures from the European Union (and other World Trade Organization members) to improve conditions of market access. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to examine trade and integration issues. The author may be contacted at bkaminski@worldbank.org.
Applied Tariff --- Autonomy --- Border Protection --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt Markets --- Domestic Producers --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Exchange Rates --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Foreign Trade --- Foreign Trade Policy --- Free Trade --- International Economics & Trade --- International Trade --- International Trade Policies --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market Access --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Development --- Regional Integration --- Tariff --- Tariff Barriers --- Tariff Rates --- Tariffs --- Trade --- Trade and Regional Integration --- Trade Law --- Trade Liberalization --- Trade Policies --- Trade Policy --- Trade Regimes
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This first book of a three-volume study examines the way trade policies in developing countries affect the level and composition of employment. There is special emphasis on the effects of import substitution policies that attempt to make a country self-sufficient by producing local substitutes for imports, as compared with policies that further the expansion of imports. Ten countries are studied: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, the Ivory Coast, Pakistan, South Korea, Thailand, Tunisia, and Uruguay. The contributors to the volume analyze the link between trade strategies and employment within a common framework, and the analyses of trade policy include the level and structure of protection, the relation of trade policy to labor demand, the labor intensiveness of trade, and the extent of distortions in factor markets and their effects on trade.
Didactic evaluation --- Educational psychology --- Didactics of mathematics --- Mathematical ability --- #WWIS:AGGR --- #PEDA *015.3 --- #PEDA *2.851 --- #PEDA *P 0 <47> --- Arithmetical ability --- Number ability --- Ability --- Foreign trade and employment --- 331.5 --- Arbeidsmarkt. Werkgelegenheid --(algemeen) --- 331.5 Arbeidsmarkt. Werkgelegenheid --(algemeen) --- 331.526 --- Levels of employment. Employment situation, conditions --- 331.526 Levels of employment. Employment situation, conditions --- -339.5 Buitenlandse handel. Internationale handel. Ruilvoet --- Learning, Psychology of --- 339.5 --- 339.96 --- 339.5 Buitenlandse handel. Internationale handel. Ruilvoet --- Buitenlandse handel. Internationale handel. Ruilvoet --- 339.96 Ontwikkelingshulp. Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Ontwikkelingsproblematiek --- Ontwikkelingshulp. Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Ontwikkelingsproblematiek --- Learning --- Psychology of learning --- Comprehension --- Learning ability --- Psychological aspects --- Underdeveloped areas --- -Addresses, essays, lectures --- Labour market --- Foreign trade. International trade --- Developing countries --- Commerce. --- E-books --- Employment and foreign trade --- Labor market --- Commerce --- International trade --- Labor supply --- Investments, Foreign, and employment --- Trade adjustment assistance --- Effect of international trade on --- Addresses, essays, lectures --- -339.96 Ontwikkelingshulp. Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Ontwikkelingsproblematiek --- -Ontwikkelingshulp. Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Ontwikkelingsproblematiek --- Foreign trade and employment - Developing countries --- Developing countries - Commerce - Addresses, essays, lectures --- trade regimes, labor, employment, prices, credit, taxes, taxation, wages, exchange rates, developing countries, commerce, business, finance, economy, economics, nonfiction, multinational firms, skill, capital, brazil, export, growth, substitution, manufacturing, factor allocations, income, protection, colombia, supply, international, foreign, investment, industry. --- study, trade policy, policies, developing world, employment, employer, job, workforce, workplace, workers, substitution, self sufficient, local, imports, exports, brazil, chile, colombia, indonesia, ivory coast, pakistan, south korea, thailand, tunisia, uruguay, strategies, protection, labor, market, marketplace, essay collection, academic, scholarly, research. --- -Foreign trade and employment
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