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Emerging literature has demonstrated some unique characteristics of trade in differentiated products. This paper contributes to the literature by postulating that differentiated products may be subject to greater tariff evasion due to the difficulties associated with assessing their quality and price. Using product-level data on trade between Germany and 10 Eastern European countries during 1992-2003, the authors find empirical support for this hypothesis. They show that the trade gap, defined as the discrepancy between the value of exports reported by Germany and the value of imports from Germany reported by the importing country, is positively related to the level of tariff in 8 out of 10 countries. Further, the authors show that the responsiveness of the trade gap to the tariff level is greater for differentiated products than for homogeneous goods. A one-percentage-point increase in the tariff rate is associated with a 0.6 percent increase in the trade gap in the case of homogeneous products and a 2.1 percent increase in the case of differentiated products. Finally, the data indicate that greater tariff evasion observed for differentiated products tends to take place through misrepresentation of the import prices.

Access to Markets --- Agribusiness and Markets --- Commodities --- Customs --- Customs Clearance --- Customs Clearance Procedures --- Customs Declarations --- Customs Duties --- Customs Value --- Debt Markets --- Export Competitiveness --- Exports --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Free Trade --- Import Data --- Import Duties --- Import Prices --- Imports --- Industry --- International Economics & Trade --- International Trade and Trade Rules --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Markets and Market Access --- Public Sector Development --- Rural Development --- Tariff --- Tariff Rate --- Tariff Rates --- Tariffs --- Tax Revenue --- Trade --- Trade Data --- Trade Liberalization --- Trade Policy --- Water and Industry --- Water Resources --- World Trade

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Because many developing countries fail to report trade statistics to the United Nations, there has been an interest in using partner-country data to fill these information gaps. The author used partner-country statistics for 30 developing countries to estimate actual (concealed) trade data and analyzed the magnitude of the resulting errors. The results indicate that partner-country data are unreliable even for estimating trade in broad aggregate product groups such as foodstuffs, fuels, or manufactures. Moreover, tests show that the reliability of partner-country statistics degenerates sharply as one moves to more finely distinguished trade categories (lower-level SITCs). Equally disturbing, about one-quarter of the partner-country comparisons take the wrong sign. That is, one country's reported free-on-board (f.o.b.) exports exceed the reported cost-insurance-freight (c.i.f.) value of partners' imports. Aside from product composition, tests show that partner-country data are equally inaccurate for estimating the direction of trade. Why are partner-country data so unreliable for approximating missing data? Evidence shows: 1) problems in reporting or processing COMTRADE data; 2) valuation differences (f.o.b. versus c.i.f.) for imports and exports; 3) problems relating to entrepot trade, or exports originating in export processing zones; 4) problems associated with exchange-rate changes; 5) intentional or unintentional misclassification of products; 6) efforts to conceal trade data for proprietary reasons; and 7) financial incentives to purposely falsify trade data. The author concludes that efforts to improve the general quality, or availability, of trade statistics using partner-country data holds little or no promise, although this information may be useful in specific cases where the trade statistics of a certain country are known to incorporate major errors. Significant progress in ugrading the accuracy, and coverage, of trade statistics can be achieved only by improving each country's procedures for data collection.

Bilateral Trade --- Common Carriers Industry --- Country Strategy and Performance --- Customs --- Customs Union --- Developing Countries --- Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Export Processing --- Export Processing Zones --- Export Value --- Exports --- Free Trade --- Free Trade Agreement --- Import Data --- Import Statistics --- Import Value --- Imports --- Industry --- International Economics --- International Economics & Trade --- International Trade --- International Trade Statistics --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Development --- Science and Technology Development --- Statistical and Mathematical Sciences --- Tariffs --- Trade --- Trade Data --- Trade Law --- Trade Policy --- Transport --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning

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This book  constitutes Part IV of the refereed four-volume post-conference proceedings of the 4th IFIP TC 12 International Conference on Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture, CCTA 2010, held in Nanchang, China, in October 2010. The 352 revised papers presented were carefully selected from numerous submissions. They cover a wide range of interesting theories and applications of information technology in agriculture, including simulation models and decision-support systems for agricultural production, agricultural product quality testing, traceability and e-commerce technology, the application of information and communication technology in agriculture, and universal information service technology and service systems development in rural areas.

Agricultural engineering -- Data processing -- Congresses. --- Agriculture -- Data processing -- Congresses. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Food industry and trade -- Data processing -- Congresses. --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Agriculture --- Mechanical Engineering --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Computer Science --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Agriculture - General --- Information Technology --- Artificial Intelligence --- Agricultural engineering --- Food industry and trade --- Data processing --- Food preparation industry --- Food processing industry --- Food trade --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Computer science. --- Computer communication systems. --- Special purpose computers. --- Software engineering. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer simulation. --- Computer Science. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet). --- Special Purpose and Application-Based Systems. --- Computer Communication Networks. --- Software Engineering. --- Simulation and Modeling. --- Computer modeling --- Computer models --- Modeling, Computer --- Models, Computer --- Simulation, Computer --- Electromechanical analogies --- Mathematical models --- Simulation methods --- Model-integrated computing --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Computer software engineering --- Engineering --- Special purpose computers --- Computers --- Communication systems, Computer --- Computer communication systems --- Data networks, Computer --- ECNs (Electronic communication networks) --- Electronic communication networks --- Networks, Computer --- Teleprocessing networks --- Data transmission systems --- Digital communications --- Electronic systems --- Information networks --- Telecommunication --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Network computers --- Informatics --- Science --- Distributed processing --- Food --- Food processing --- Food technology --- Agricultural processing industries --- Processed foods --- Bioengineering --- Farm equipment --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Processing --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Application software. --- Application computer programs --- Application computer software --- Applications software --- Apps (Computer software) --- Computer software --- Data processing.

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This book  constitutes Part II of the refereed four-volume post-conference proceedings of the 4th IFIP TC 12 International Conference on Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture, CCTA 2010, held in Nanchang, China, in October 2010. The 352 revised papers presented were carefully selected from numerous submissions. They cover a wide range of interesting theories and applications of information technology in agriculture, including simulation models and decision-support systems for agricultural production, agricultural product quality testing, traceability and e-commerce technology, the application of information and communication technology in agriculture, and universal information service technology and service systems development in rural areas.

Agricultural engineering -- Data processing -- Congresses. --- Agriculture -- Data processing -- Congresses. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Food industry and trade -- Data processing -- Congresses. --- Agriculture --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Agriculture - General --- Computer Science --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Information Technology --- Artificial Intelligence --- Agricultural engineering --- Food industry and trade --- Data processing --- Food preparation industry --- Food processing industry --- Food trade --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Computer science. --- Computer communication systems. --- Special purpose computers. --- Software engineering. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer simulation. --- Computer Science. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet). --- Special Purpose and Application-Based Systems. --- Computer Communication Networks. --- Software Engineering. --- Simulation and Modeling. --- Computer modeling --- Computer models --- Modeling, Computer --- Models, Computer --- Simulation, Computer --- Electromechanical analogies --- Mathematical models --- Simulation methods --- Model-integrated computing --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Computer software engineering --- Engineering --- Special purpose computers --- Computers --- Communication systems, Computer --- Computer communication systems --- Data networks, Computer --- ECNs (Electronic communication networks) --- Electronic communication networks --- Networks, Computer --- Teleprocessing networks --- Data transmission systems --- Digital communications --- Electronic systems --- Information networks --- Telecommunication --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Network computers --- Informatics --- Science --- Distributed processing --- Food --- Food processing --- Food technology --- Agricultural processing industries --- Processed foods --- Bioengineering --- Farm equipment --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Processing --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Application software. --- Application computer programs --- Application computer software --- Applications software --- Apps (Computer software) --- Computer software --- Computer simulation

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International Federation for Information Processing The IFIP series publishes state-of-the-art results in the sciences and technologies of information and communication. The scope of the series includes: foundations of computer science; software theory and practice; education; computer applications in technology; communication systems; systems modeling and optimization; information systems; computers and society; computer systems technology; security and protection in information processing systems; artificial intelligence; and human-computer interaction. Proceedings and post-proceedings of refereed international conferences in computer science and interdisciplinary fields are featured. These results often precede journal publication and represent the most current research. The principal aim of the IFIP series is to encourage education and the dissemination and exchange of information about all aspects of computing. For more information about the 300 other books in the IFIP series, please visit www.springer.com. For more information about IFIP, please visit www.ifip.org.

Agricultural engineering -- Data processing -- Congresses. --- Agriculture -- Data processing -- Congresses. --- Food industry and trade -- Data processing -- Congresses. --- Agriculture - General --- Agriculture --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Agricultural innovations. --- Data processing. --- Innovations, Agricultural --- Technological change in agriculture --- Innovations --- Technological innovations --- Computer science. --- Computer communication systems. --- Special purpose computers. --- Computer programming. --- Computer simulation. --- Bioinformatics. --- Life sciences. --- Computer Science. --- Computer Communication Networks. --- Life Sciences, general. --- Programming Techniques. --- Special Purpose and Application-Based Systems. --- Simulation and Modeling. --- Computational Biology/Bioinformatics. --- Technology transfer --- Software engineering. --- Bio-informatics --- Biological informatics --- Biology --- Information science --- Computational biology --- Systems biology --- Computer modeling --- Computer models --- Modeling, Computer --- Models, Computer --- Simulation, Computer --- Electromechanical analogies --- Mathematical models --- Simulation methods --- Model-integrated computing --- Computer software engineering --- Engineering --- Informatics --- Science --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Data processing --- Special purpose computers --- Computers --- Electronic computer programming --- Electronic data processing --- Electronic digital computers --- Programming (Electronic computers) --- Coding theory --- Communication systems, Computer --- Computer communication systems --- Data networks, Computer --- ECNs (Electronic communication networks) --- Electronic communication networks --- Networks, Computer --- Teleprocessing networks --- Data transmission systems --- Digital communications --- Electronic systems --- Information networks --- Telecommunication --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Network computers --- Programming --- Distributed processing --- Agricultural innovations