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Breaking into Tradables : Urban Form and Urban Function in a Developing City
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Year: 2017 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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Abstract

Many cities in developing economies, particularly in Africa, are experiencing urbanization without industrialization. This paper conceptualizes this in a framework in which a city can produce non-tradable goods and-if it is sufficiently competitive-also internationally tradable goods, potentially subject to increasing returns to scale. A city is unlikely to produce tradables if it faces high urban and hinterland demand for non-tradables, or high costs of urban infrastructure and construction. The paper shows that, if there are increasing returns in tradable production, there may be multiple equilibria. The same initial conditions can support dichotomous outcomes, with cities either in a low-level (non-tradable only) equilibrium, or diversified in tradable and non-tradable production. The paper demonstrates the importance of history and expectations in determining outcomes. Essentially, a city can be built in a manner that makes it difficult to attract tradable production. This situation might be a consequence of low (and self-fulfilling) expectations or history. The predictions of the model are consistent with several observed features of African cities.


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Distant Tyranny
Author:
ISBN: 9781400840533 1400840538 1283379635 9786613379634 9781283379632 6613379638 0691144842 9780691144849 Year: 2011 Publisher: Princeton, NJ

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Spain's development from a premodern society into a modern unified nation-state with an integrated economy was painfully slow and varied widely by region. Economic historians have long argued that high internal transportation costs limited domestic market integration, while at the same time the Castilian capital city of Madrid drew resources from surrounding Spanish regions as it pursued its quest for centralization. According to this view, powerful Madrid thwarted trade over large geographic distances by destroying an integrated network of manufacturing towns in the Spanish interior. Challenging this long-held view, Regina Grafe argues that decentralization, not a strong and powerful Madrid, is to blame for Spain's slow march to modernity. Through a groundbreaking analysis of the market for bacalao--dried and salted codfish that was a transatlantic commodity and staple food during this period--Grafe shows how peripheral historic territories and powerful interior towns obstructed Spain's economic development through jurisdictional obstacles to trade, which exacerbated already high transport costs. She reveals how the early phases of globalization made these regions much more externally focused, and how coastal elites that were engaged in trade outside Spain sought to sustain their positions of power in relation to Madrid. Distant Tyranny offers a needed reassessment of the haphazard and regionally diverse process of state formation and market integration in early modern Spain, showing how local and regional agency paradoxically led to legitimate governance but economic backwardness.

Keywords

Spain --- Espanja --- Spanien --- Hiszpania --- Spanish State --- España --- Estado Español --- Espagne --- Hispania --- Sefarad --- Sepharad --- Shpanye --- Shpanie --- Reino de España --- Kingdom of Spain --- Reino d'Espanya --- Reinu d'España --- Espainiako Erresuma --- Regne d'Espanya --- Reiaume d'Espanha --- Espanya --- Espanha --- スペイン --- Supein --- イスパニア --- Isupania --- Commerce --- History --- E-books --- Decentralization in government --- Regional disparities --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economic History. --- Disparities, Regional --- Regionalism --- Centralization in government --- Devolution in government --- Government centralization --- Government decentralization --- Government devolution --- Political science --- Central-local government relations --- Federal government --- Local government --- Public administration --- Economic conditions. --- Atlantic trades. --- Ebro. --- Europe. --- European nation-states. --- European state-building. --- Guadalquivir. --- Henry Swinburne. --- Madrid. --- Protestant north. --- Spain. --- Spanish economy. --- Spanish history. --- Spanish market. --- Spanish monarchy. --- absolutism. --- aristocracy. --- bacalao. --- cod trade. --- commercialization. --- consumer culture. --- contractual rule. --- decentralization. --- domestic market integration. --- economic development. --- economists. --- eighteenth-century Spain. --- fargmented authority. --- geography. --- globalization. --- historians. --- historical sociology. --- idleness. --- institutional heritage. --- international economy. --- local autonomy. --- market integration. --- market. --- markets. --- modernity. --- mountain ranges. --- nation-states. --- one price. --- patrimonialism. --- political debates. --- political economy. --- power. --- provincial taxation. --- southern European papists. --- spatial sub-units. --- specialized production. --- state. --- states. --- towns. --- tradable goods. --- trade. --- transoceanic goods. --- transport conditions. --- transport technology.

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