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Evidence has shown that botulinum toxin A has advantages in lower urinary tract dysfunctions (LUTDs), especially in interstitial cystitis, urethral sphincter dysfunction, and inflammatory bladder disorders which currently cannot be adequately treated with oral pharmacological medications. This Special Issue has collected original or review articles that focus on the novel applications of botulinum toxin A in LUTDs. The research has been updated and contains novel therapeutic applications of botulinum toxin for bladder or urethral dysfunctions. This Special Issue of Toxins provides current knowledge surrounding the status of botulinum toxin in functional urology and LUTDs.

Botulinum toxin.

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Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) form a vast family of hundreds of toxins from plants, fungi, algae and bacteria. RIP activities have also been detected in animal tissues. They target a single adenine of a ribosomal RNA, thereby blocking protein synthesis and leading intoxicated cells to apoptosis. The role of plant RIPs may be related to plant defense against predators and viruses, plant senescence or bacterial pathogenesis. Most RIPs are no threat to human or animal health. However, several bacterial RIPs are major virulence factors involved in severe epidemic diseases such as dysentery or the hemolytic uremic syndrome that may occur in patients suffering from Shiga toxin-producing entero-hemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection. Several plant RIPs such as ricin toxin, abrin or sarcin have been, or may be involved in accidental or criminal poisonings, political intimidation or bio-suicides. Health crisis, biosafety and biosecurity issues became a major concern and many efforts are made to develop treatments. Finally, RIPs can be engineered into immunotoxins to destroy cancer cells or cells chronically infected by viruses.This book presents the most recent data on all aspects of RIPs including function, diversity and evolution, mechanism, pathophysiology, medical countermeasures and engineering into anticancer drugs.

toxin --- Shiga toxin --- ricin --- Ribosome inactivating protein

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The new, therapeutically-focused Botulinum Toxin presents comprehensive, cross-disciplinary guidance on current practices, covering more than 100 non-cosmetic conditions that occur in neurology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, pain medicine, ophthalmology, gastroenterology, urology, orthopedics, and surgery. International contributors review the current understanding of the biology and cellular mechanisms along with relevant research so you can easily apply them to the pathophysiology of the numerous disorders that botulinum toxin is used to treat-such as botulinum toxin applications for

Botulinum toxin --- Therapeutic use.

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Botulinum Toxin - Recent Topics and Applications provides doctors and researchers with the most up-to-date information on the structure and action of botulinum toxins as well as their usage to treat a wide range of disorders. The book covers the fundamentals of botulinum toxins, including improvements in our understanding of their molecular structure and mechanism of action. Furthermore, it covers the production and formulation of botulinum toxins for clinical applications. The information contained herein will hopefully shift the paradigm of botulinum toxin research, moving it away from a focus on toxin attributes toward a focus on toxin engineering based on patient requests and physician experiences in everyday practice.

Botulinum toxin --- Therapeutic use.

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Cholera --- Cholera Toxin --- Diarrhea