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This paper investigates whether the agglomeration of economic activity in regional clusters affects long-run manufacturing total factor productivity growth in an emerging market context. It explores a large firm-level panel dataset for Chile during a period characterized by high growth rates and rising regional income inequality (1992-2004). The findings are clear-cut. Locations with greater concentration of a particular sector did not experience faster growth in total factor productivity during this period. Rather, local sector diversity was associated with higher long-run growth in total factor productivity. However, there is no evidence that the diversity effect was driven by the local interaction with a set of suppliers and/or clients. The authors interpret this as evidence that agglomeration economies are driven by other factors, such as the sharing of access to specialized inputs not provided solely by a single sector, such as skills or financing.

Achieving Shared Growth --- Agglomeration Economies --- Economic Growth --- Economic Theory & Research --- International Economics & Trade --- Knowledge Spillovers --- Labor Policies --- Local Growth --- Political Economy --- Total Factor Productivity Growth --- Chile

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Using nationally representative, economywide data, this paper investigates the relative importance of trade-mandated effects on industry wage premia; industry and economywide skill premia; and employment flows in accounting for changes in the wage distribution in Brazil during the 1988-95 trade liberalization. Unlike in other Latin American countries, trade liberalization appears to have made a significant contribution toward a reduction in wage inequality. These effects have not occurred through changes in industry-specific (wage or skill) premia. Instead, they appear to have been channeled through substantial employment flows across sectors and formality categories. Changes in the economywide skill premium are also important.

Agriculture --- Debt Markets --- Development --- Distribution --- Economic Theory and Research --- Economy --- Emerging Markets --- Exchange --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Free Trade --- Goods --- Growth Rate --- Income --- Industry --- Inequality Measures --- International Economics & Trade --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Per Capita Incomes --- Prices --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Development --- Social Protections and Labor --- Theory --- Total Factor Productivity --- Total Factor Productivity Growth --- Trade --- Trade Law --- Trade Liberalization --- Trade Policy --- Trade Reforms --- Trends --- Value --- Wages --- Water and Industry --- Water Resources

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This paper is about micro foundations of productivity and growth. There are several studies on productivity for advanced economies but relatively few for developing countries. Using data from the investment climate surveys of the World Bank, estimation results from 45 developing countries, complemented by extended analysis at firm and industry levels for Brazil and India for the period 2002-05, indicate the following: (i) confirmation of the importance of total factor productivity at firm, industry and national levels, but total factor productivity progressively tapers off at each level of aggregation implying that there is a less than one-to-one relationship between micro-efficiency, sector growth, and macro growth; (ii) capital accumulation is more important at the macro level than the micro level; (iii) productivity at the micro level is driven by research and development, the capacity utilization rate, and adoption of foreign technology (all of which involve management decisions), and is negatively related to corruption and instability, tax, and financial regulations; and (iii) confirmation of the lower contribution of total factor productivity to output growth in developing countries than in developed economies. Management decisions are involved in a lot of day-to-day operations at the firm level and therefore management is an unmeasured input. In developing countries, at the firm level, there is a need to understand the contribution of quality of inputs (management quality, education and labor quality, training, experience of workers, use of computers at work) and also the role of external agglomeration (for example, location in a booming city, competitive pressures from new firms, trade competition, and regulations).

Achieving Shared Growth --- Agriculture --- Constant returns to scale --- E-Business --- Economic Growth --- Economic growth --- Economic Theory & Research --- Foreign competition --- Gross domestic product --- Growth rate --- Human capital --- Increasing returns --- Increasing returns to scale --- International trade --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomic growth --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural monopolies --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development --- Production function --- Production functions --- Productivity --- Social Protections and Labor --- Total factor productivity --- Total factor productivity growth --- Trade liberalization --- Trade policies --- Value added

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This book consists of articles that investigate and discuss the relationship between economics of education and sustainable development; that is, how education economics plays an important role in sustainable development. Economics of education or education economics is the study of economic issues relating to education (such as education policy and finance, human capital production and acquisition, and the returns to human capital); while sustainable development is the study of a system (a human society) operating and growing continuously, which includes environment, economy, industry, business, agriculture, etc. This book particularly focuses on the economy – how an economy continuously and steadily develops and grows.

Humanities --- Education --- higher education --- education input --- technological innovation --- economic growth --- VAR model --- education heterogeneity --- spatial spillover effects --- total factor productivity growth --- dynamic spatial SLX model --- wage discrimination --- sustainable development --- sheepskin effects --- supply/demand transition in labor market --- gender discrimination --- academic progression --- women faculty --- female professors --- maternity penalty --- gender gap --- gender disparity --- education --- Propensity Score Matching --- Intra-household income inequality --- senior secondary school --- parental economic expectation --- sustainable economic development --- international students --- human capital --- sustainable financial education --- consumer life satisfaction --- the necessity of financial education --- ordered probit regression --- trivariate causality --- health --- Zimbabwe --- human capital investment --- rate of returns --- screening and sheepskin effects --- tuition fee control policy --- financial management --- principal–agency model --- educational policy evaluation --- unintended consequence --- high school equalization policy --- housing market --- difference-in-differences analysis --- entrepreneurial intentions --- emotional competencies --- behavioral competencies --- entrepreneurial education --- nonlinear --- kink regression --- ASEAN-5

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This book consists of articles that investigate and discuss the relationship between economics of education and sustainable development; that is, how education economics plays an important role in sustainable development. Economics of education or education economics is the study of economic issues relating to education (such as education policy and finance, human capital production and acquisition, and the returns to human capital); while sustainable development is the study of a system (a human society) operating and growing continuously, which includes environment, economy, industry, business, agriculture, etc. This book particularly focuses on the economy – how an economy continuously and steadily develops and grows.

Humanities --- Education --- higher education --- education input --- technological innovation --- economic growth --- VAR model --- education heterogeneity --- spatial spillover effects --- total factor productivity growth --- dynamic spatial SLX model --- wage discrimination --- sustainable development --- sheepskin effects --- supply/demand transition in labor market --- gender discrimination --- academic progression --- women faculty --- female professors --- maternity penalty --- gender gap --- gender disparity --- education --- Propensity Score Matching --- Intra-household income inequality --- senior secondary school --- parental economic expectation --- sustainable economic development --- international students --- human capital --- sustainable financial education --- consumer life satisfaction --- the necessity of financial education --- ordered probit regression --- trivariate causality --- health --- Zimbabwe --- human capital investment --- rate of returns --- screening and sheepskin effects --- tuition fee control policy --- financial management --- principal–agency model --- educational policy evaluation --- unintended consequence --- high school equalization policy --- housing market --- difference-in-differences analysis --- entrepreneurial intentions --- emotional competencies --- behavioral competencies --- entrepreneurial education --- nonlinear --- kink regression --- ASEAN-5 --- higher education --- education input --- technological innovation --- economic growth --- VAR model --- education heterogeneity --- spatial spillover effects --- total factor productivity growth --- dynamic spatial SLX model --- wage discrimination --- sustainable development --- sheepskin effects --- supply/demand transition in labor market --- gender discrimination --- academic progression --- women faculty --- female professors --- maternity penalty --- gender gap --- gender disparity --- education --- Propensity Score Matching --- Intra-household income inequality --- senior secondary school --- parental economic expectation --- sustainable economic development --- international students --- human capital --- sustainable financial education --- consumer life satisfaction --- the necessity of financial education --- ordered probit regression --- trivariate causality --- health --- Zimbabwe --- human capital investment --- rate of returns --- screening and sheepskin effects --- tuition fee control policy --- financial management --- principal–agency model --- educational policy evaluation --- unintended consequence --- high school equalization policy --- housing market --- difference-in-differences analysis --- entrepreneurial intentions --- emotional competencies --- behavioral competencies --- entrepreneurial education --- nonlinear --- kink regression --- ASEAN-5