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This paper uses comprehensive and comparable firm-level manufacturing census data from four Sub-Saharan African countries to examine the extent, costs, and nature of within-industry resource misallocation across heterogeneous firms. The paper finds evidence of severe misallocation in which resources are diverted away from high-productivity firms toward low-productivity ones in all four countries, although the magnitude differs across countries. The paper shows that a hypothetical reallocation of resources that equalizes marginal returns across firms would increase manufacturing productivity by 31.4 percent in Cote d'Ivoire and as much as 162.7 percent in Kenya. The paper emphasizes the importance of the quality of the underlying data, by comparing the results against those from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys. The comparison finds that the survey-based results underestimate the extent of misallocation vis-a-vis the census. Finally, the paper finds that the size of existing distortions is correlated with various measures of business environment, such as lack of access to finance, corruption, and regulations.

Business Environment --- Distortions --- Misallocation --- Total Factor Productivity

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La question de la mesure et de l'amélioration de la productivité des services est récurrente dans les débats politiques, comme dans les travaux académiques, depuis plusieurs décennies. Le concept de productivité, qui a été élaboré initialement pour des économies industrielles et agricoles, pose peu de difficultés, lorsqu'on a affaire à des produits standardisés. L'avènement de l'économie des services a contribué à remettre en cause, sinon la pertinence de ce concept, du moins sa définition et ses méthodes de mesure. Cet ouvrage dresse un bilan de la question de la productivité dans les services à la fois sur le plan théorique, méthodologique et opérationnel. Il rend compte tout d'abord des définitions de la productivité et de ses principales méthodes de mesure. Il fournit également un bilan des débats conceptuels et méthodologiques récents et des controverses suscités par cette notion. Dans une perspective plus opérationnelle et stratégique, il est également consacré à l'identification et à l'analyse des principaux leviers de l'amélioration de la productivité, et, plus généralement, aux stratégies concrètes mises en œuvre à cette fin dans les entreprises et les organisations.

Industrial productivity. --- Productivity, Industrial --- TFP (Total factor productivity) --- Total factor productivity --- Industrial efficiency --- Production (Economic theory)

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Growth in the US and UK is declining due to poor productivity. This text sets out a revised model which demonstrates that weakness in productivity is the result of the bonus culture, and suggests ways to change this flawed system so that investment is encouraged and growth returns.

Industrial productivity. --- Productivity, Industrial --- TFP (Total factor productivity) --- Total factor productivity --- Industrial efficiency --- Production (Economic theory)

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This paper studies the effect of market distortions in the manufacturing sector in Morocco. Recent microdata are used to calculate the extent of resource misallocation associated to these distortions and the potential total factor productivity (TFP) gain resulting from their removal. Market distortions in the manufacturing sector in Morocco are higher compared with developed countries and slightly more important compared with other developing countries, such as China and India. These distortions decreased between 2007 and 2013. Full liberalization would raise TFP by about 84 percent. If distortions are removed to the level of selected developed countries with better resource allocation, the increase in TFP would be of 56 percent. The paper also finds that industries that are more opened to competition (international and domestic) such as machinery and textiles industries present lower levels of market distortions compared with more protected industries with relatively little competition, such as the food industry. Besides, a higher level of TFP can be achieved if more resources are allocated to "young" and "small" firms. The main results of the paper are robust to an alternative estimation that uses a different methodological framework with a less extensive theoretical framework. The paper discusses policies to further limit the extent of product and factor market distortions in Morocco.

Manufacturing --- Market Distortions --- Productivity --- Resource Misallocation --- TFP --- Total Factor Productivity

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Turkey's pace of income convergence has globally been one of the most remarkable of the past fifteen years. Sustaining growth and improvements in living standards in Turkey will require higher productivity in the economy. The Turkey Productivity Report (2019) provides an in-depth analysis of firm productivity in Turkey and how this adds up to economic growth in the country. The report has six parts. The first two provide macro and micro diagnosis of productivity in the economy - what are the productivity trends, how have these affected economic growth, what firms in what industry are the most productive, and are they absorbing an increasing or decreasing share of resources? From here the report analyzes specific policy areas that might explain firm productivity dynamics in Turkey - namely firms' integration in the global economy, access to innovation support, the quality of human capital, and the business environment including competition. The report finds that economic integration and innovation have boosted firm-level productivity, though reforms could further accelerate these positive impacts. Productivity gains could accelerate the demand for more educated and skilled workers. The growth of more productive firms could in turn also be accelerated through reforms that increase competition and reduce regulatory burden.

Employment --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Labor Market --- Total Factor Productivity --- Trade