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This book introduces characterizations of hyperordered structures using latest quantum beam technologies, the advanced theoretical methods for understanding the roles of the structures, and the state-of-the-arts materials containing the structures. In this book, the authors focus on the importance of defect complexes to improve functionality of crystals and that of orders of network structures to improve functionality of glass materials. These features can be regarded as interphases between perfect crystals and perfect amorphous, and they are the key factor for the evolution of materials science to a new dimension. The authors call such interphases "hyperordered structures" in this book. This is the first book that comprehensively summarizes glass science, defect science, and quantum beam science. It is valuable not only for active researchers in industry and academia but also graduate students.

Glass. --- Nanostructured materials. --- Materials --- Crystallography. --- Materials science --- Topological insulators. --- Condensed matter. --- Materials Characterization Technique. --- Crystallography and Scattering Methods. --- Computational Materials Science. --- Topological Material. --- Structure of Condensed Matter. --- Analysis. --- Data processing.

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This book provides a model description for the electromagnetic response of topological nodal semimetals and summarizes recent experimental findings in these systems. Specifically, it discusses various types of topological semimetals – Dirac, Weyl, nodal-line, triple-point, and multifold semimetals – and provides description for the characteristic features of the linear electrodynamic response for all these types of materials. Topological semimetals possess peculiar bulk electronic band structure, which leads to unusual electrodynamic response. For example, the low-energy inter-band optical conductivity of nodal semimetals is supposed to demonstrate power-law frequency dependence and the intra- and inter-band contributions to the conductivity are often mixed. Further, the magneto-optical response is also unusual, because of the non-equidistant spacing between the Landau levels. Finally, in semimetals with chiral electronic bands, e.g. in Weyl semimetals, the simultaneous application of parallel magnetic and electric fields leads to the chiral anomaly, i.e. to a misbalance between the electrons with diffident chiralities. This misbalance affects the electrodynamics properties of the material and can be detected optically. All these points are addressed here in detail. The book is written for a wide audience of physicists, working in the field of topological condensed matter physics. It gives a pedagogical introduction enabling graduate students and non-experts to familiarize themselves with the subject.

Semimetals. --- Topology. --- Analysis situs --- Position analysis --- Rubber-sheet geometry --- Geometry --- Polyhedra --- Set theory --- Algebras, Linear --- Metalloids --- Metals --- Topological insulators. --- Metals. --- Condensed matter. --- Optical spectroscopy. --- Solid state chemistry. --- Topological Material. --- Metals and Alloys. --- Condensed Matter Physics. --- Optical Spectroscopy. --- Solid-State Chemistry. --- Chemistry, Solid state --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Spectroscopy, Optical --- Visible spectroscopy --- Spectrum analysis --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy --- Insulators, Topological --- Electric insulators and insulation --- Electronic apparatus and appliances --- Materials