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At the Geneva Superpower Summit in November 1985, Secretary of the former Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev and US President Ronald Reagan agreed to pursue an international effort to develop fusion energy for peaceful purposes. At a time when tension between these cold war nations was very high, how were these leaders able to come together to work towards making nuclear fusion a feasible energy source? The Quest for a Fusion Energy Reactor is the story of the INTOR Workshop (INternational TOkamak Reactor) which brought together scientists and engineers from Europe, Japan, the United States, and th

Fusion reactors --- Engineering test reactors --- Tokamaks. --- lemac --- Design and construction. --- Research --- International cooperation. --- International Tokamak Reactor Workshop.

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Nuclear fusion research is entering a new phase, in which power exhaust will play a vital role. This book presents a complete and up-to-date summary of this emerging field of research in fusion plasmas, focusing on the leading tokamak concept. Emphasis is placed on rigorous theoretical development, supplemented by numerical simulations, which are used to explain and quantify a range of experimental observations. The text offers a self-contained introduction to power exhaust, and deals in detail with both edge plasma turbulence and edge localized modes, providing the necessary background to understand these important, yet complicated phenomena. Combining an in-depth overview with an instructive development of concepts, this is an invaluable resource for academic researchers and graduate students in plasma physics.

Plasma confinement. --- Tokamaks. --- Tokamak devices --- Fusion reactors --- Plasma confinement devices --- Confined plasma --- Confinement of plasma --- Plasma, Confined --- Plasma containment --- Plasma control --- Plasma isolation --- Containerless processing --- Controlled fusion --- High temperature plasmas --- Pinch effect (Physics) --- lemac

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Glow discharges. --- Tokamaks. --- Automatic control. --- Control engineering --- Control equipment --- Control theory --- Engineering instruments --- Automation --- Programmable controllers --- Tokamak devices --- Fusion reactors --- Plasma confinement devices --- Cold cathode discharges --- Discharges, Cold cathode --- Discharges, Gas --- Discharges, Glow --- Gas discharges --- Joshi effect --- Electric discharges --- Electric discharges through gases

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The extended papers in this Special Issue cover the topics of smart energy, nuclear systems, and micro energy grids. In “Electrical Loads and Power Systems for the DEMO Nuclear Fusion Project” and “Energy Analysis for the Connection of the Nuclear Reactor DEMO to the European Electrical Grid”, the authors introduce a European DEMO project. In “Comparison and Design of Resonant Network Considering the Characteristics of a Plasma Generator” the authors present a theoretical analysis and experimental study on the resonant network of the power conditioning system (PCS). In “Techno-Economic Evaluation of Interconnected Nuclear-Renewable Micro Hybrid Energy Systems with Combined Heat and Power”, the authors conducted a sensitivity analysis to identify the impact of the different variables on the investigated systems. In “Fault Current Tracing and Identification via Machine Learning Considering Distributed Energy Resources in Distribution Networks”, the authors propose a current tracing method to model the single distribution feeder as several independent parallel connected virtual lines, with the result of tracing the detailed contribution of different current sources to the power line current. From the five extended papers, we observe that the SEGE is actively engaged in smart grid and green energy techniques. We hope that the readers enjoy this Special Issue.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- plasma generator --- LCL network --- LCCL network --- phase compensation --- ZVS control --- current tracing --- fault current --- distributed energy resources --- network model --- nuclear power plant --- renewable energy --- hybrid energy system --- combined heat and power --- nuclear fusion --- tokamak --- generation power plant --- power system --- electrical transmission grid --- balance of plant --- DEMO --- electric loads --- plasma --- power flow --- power supply --- power systems --- plasma generator --- LCL network --- LCCL network --- phase compensation --- ZVS control --- current tracing --- fault current --- distributed energy resources --- network model --- nuclear power plant --- renewable energy --- hybrid energy system --- combined heat and power --- nuclear fusion --- tokamak --- generation power plant --- power system --- electrical transmission grid --- balance of plant --- DEMO --- electric loads --- plasma --- power flow --- power supply --- power systems

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Control of the Safety Factor Profile in a Tokamak uses Lyapunov techniques to address a challenging problem for which even the simplest physically relevant models are represented by nonlinear, time-dependent, partial differential equations (PDEs). This is because of the  spatiotemporal dynamics of transport phenomena (magnetic flux, heat, densities, etc.) in the anisotropic plasma medium. Robustness considerations are ubiquitous in the analysis and control design since direct measurements on the magnetic flux are impossible (its estimation relies on virtual sensors) and large uncertainties remain in the coupling between the plasma particles and the radio-frequency waves (distributed inputs). The Brief begins with a presentation of the reference dynamical model and continues by developing a Lyapunov function for the discretized system (in a polytopic linear-parameter-varying formulation). The limitations of this finite-dimensional approach motivate new developments in the infinite-dimensional framework. The text then tackles the construction of an input-to-state-stabilityLyapunov function for the infinite-dimensional system that handles the medium anisotropy and provides a common basis for analytical robustness results. This function is used as a control-Lyapunov function and allows the amplitude and nonlinear shape constraints in the control action to be dealt with. Finally, the Brief addresses important application- and implementation-specific concerns. In particular, the coupling of the PDE and the finite-dimensional subsystem representing the evolution of the boundary condition (magnetic coils) and the introduction of profile-reconstruction delays in the control loop (induced by solving a 2-D inverse problem for computing the magnetic flux) is analyzed. Simulation results are presented for various operation scenarios on Tore Supra (simulated with METIS) and on TCV (simulated with RAPTOR). Control of the Safety Factor Profile in a Tokamak will be of interest to both academic and industrially-based researchers interested in nuclear energy and plasma-containment control systems, and graduate students in nuclear and control engineering.      .

Tokamaks --- Fusion reactors. --- Controlled fusion reactors --- Controlled thermonuclear reactors --- Thermonuclear reactors, Controlled --- Tokamak devices --- Safety measures. --- Tokamaks -- Safety measures. --- Engineering. --- Nuclear fusion. --- Plasma (Ionized gases). --- Control engineering. --- Control. --- Nuclear Fusion. --- Plasma Physics. --- Control engineering --- Control equipment --- Control theory --- Engineering instruments --- Automation --- Programmable controllers --- Gaseous discharge --- Gaseous plasma --- Magnetoplasma --- Ionized gases --- Fusion, Nuclear --- Fusion reactions --- Fusion --- Nuclear reactions --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Controlled fusion --- Nuclear reactors --- Fusion reactors --- Plasma confinement devices --- Control and Systems Theory.