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This dissertation by Janella Salamania explores the role of defects in titanium aluminum nitride (Ti-Al-N) based thin films, which are used as hard coatings to enhance the durability and effectiveness of cutting tools. The research focuses on the synthesis of Ti-Al-N films through physical vapor deposition techniques and examines how various defects such as vacancies, dislocations, and planar defects influence the growth, structure, stability, and mechanical properties of the films. The study employs high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and atomistic simulations to analyze the defect structures. Findings reveal that the presence of defects can alter metal-metal and metal-nitrogen bonds, influence strain and compositional fluctuations, and facilitate phase transformations. The work provides insights into defect-based engineering strategies for optimizing the performance of Ti-Al-N thin films.

Titanium nitride. --- Physical vapor deposition. --- Titanium nitride --- Physical vapor deposition

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This thesis explores the atomic-scale processes governing the growth and mechanical properties of transition metal nitride thin films, particularly titanium nitride (TiN). Utilizing computer simulations through classical molecular dynamics, the research investigates the transport processes of adatoms and clusters on TiN(001) surfaces, revealing significant insights into diffusion mechanisms and film growth dynamics. The study also examines how configurational order on the metallic sublattice influences the toughness of TiN- and VN-based ternary alloys. The findings contribute to optimizing deposition conditions to enhance material properties, making the work valuable for materials science and advanced surface engineering applications.

Titanium nitride. --- Thin films. --- Titanium nitride --- Thin films

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Dielectrics --- Electrochemical metallizing --- Integrated circuits --- Titanium nitride --- Vapor-plating --- Congresses --- Ultra large scale integration --- Design and construction

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Microelectrode arrays are increasingly used in a wide variety of situations in the medical device sector. For example, one major challenge in microfluidic devices is the manipulation of fluids and droplets effectively at such scales. Due to the laminar flow regime (i.e., low Reynolds number) in microfluidic devices, the mixing of species is also difficult, and unless an active mixing strategy is employed, passive diffusion is the only mechanism that causes the fluid to mix. For many applications, diffusion is considered too slow, and thus many active pumping and mixing strategies have been employed using electrokinetic methods, which utilize a variety of simple and complex microelectrode array structures. Microelectrodes have also been implemented in in vitro intracellular delivery platforms to conduct cell electroporation on chip, where a highly localized electric field on the scale of a single cell is generated to enhance the uptake of extracellular material. In addition, microelectrode arrays are utilized in different microfluidic biosensing modalities, where a higher sensitivity, selectivity, and limit-of-detection are desired. Carbon nanotube microelectrode arrays are used for DNA detection, multi-electrode array chips are used for drug discovery, and there has been an explosion of research into brain–machine interfaces, fueled by microfabricated electrode arrays, both planar and three-dimensional. The advantages associated with microelectrode arrays include small size, the ability to manufacture repeatedly and reliably tens to thousands of micro-electrodes on both rigid and flexible substrates, and their utility for both in vitro and in vivo applications. To realize their full potential, there is a need to develop and integrate microelectrode arrays to form useful medical device systems. As the field of microelectrode array research is wide, and touches many application areas, it is often difficult to locate a single source of relevant information. This Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles, that focus on the application of microelectrode arrays in the medical device sector. Particular interest will be paid to innovative application areas that can improve existing medical devices, such as for neuromodulation and real world lab-on-a-chip applications.

electrothermal --- microelectrode --- microfluidics --- micromixing --- micropump --- alternating current (AC) electrokinetics --- bisphenol A --- self-assembly --- biosensor --- flexible electrode --- polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) --- pyramid array micro-structures --- low contact impedance --- multimodal laser micromachining --- ablation characteristics --- shadow mask --- interdigitated electrodes --- soft sensors --- liquid metal --- fabrication --- principle --- arrays --- application --- induced-charge electrokinetic phenomenon --- ego-dielectrophoresis --- mobile electrode --- Janus microsphere --- continuous biomolecule collection --- electroconvection --- microelectrode array (MEA) --- ion beam assisted electron beam deposition (IBAD) --- indium tin oxide (ITO) --- titanium nitride (TiN) --- neurons --- transparent --- islets of Langerhans --- insulin secretion --- glucose stimulated insulin response --- electrochemical transduction --- intracortical microelectrode arrays --- shape memory polymer --- softening --- robust --- brain tissue oxygen --- in vivo monitoring --- multi-site clinical depth electrode --- n/a

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Hydrogen has been an important feedstock for various industries, and its global market is already valued at hundreds of billions of dollars per year. It is also playing additional roles as a clean alternative energy carrier for power generation and as a crucial feedstock in the bioeconomy. This Special Issue “Hydrogen Production Technologies” highlights different thermochemical, electrochemical, and biological technologies such as high- and low-temperature electrolyzers, microchannel reactors, sorption-enhanced reactors, multi-tubular solar reactors, and anaerobic digestors. It also covers other aspects ranging from reactor design, hydrogen storage, and process analysis of different alternatives.

History of engineering & technology --- algae --- anaerobic digestion --- biogas --- biohydrogen --- energy assessment --- kinetic models --- microwave --- nanoparticles --- pretreatment --- solar reactor --- hydrogen production --- solar receiver --- thermal energy --- computational fluid dynamics --- CFD --- model --- titanium nitride --- stainless steel --- alkaline electrolysis --- energy storage --- hydrogen energy --- solid-state hydrogen storage --- unitized regenerative fuel cell --- multi- walled carbon nanotube --- proton battery --- pyrolytic oil hydro-processing --- process modeling --- syngas --- gasification --- sorption-enhanced water-gas shift --- multi-functional material --- hydrogen production processes --- economic viability --- environmental efficiency --- sustainable energy --- multi-criteria analysis --- thermochemical cycles --- micro-channel reactor --- ceria --- ceria-zirconia --- water splitting --- oxygen carrier --- solid oxide electrolysis cells --- sintering additive --- CuO --- steam electrolysis --- compact reactor --- ethanol steam reforming --- water gas shift