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This Research Topic is devoted to the understanding of molecular mechanisms of Human Thyroid Cancers. Original research describing functional studies of genetic mutations that shed novel insights into the aetiology and pathogenesis of these cancers, as well as angiogenesis and tumor microenvironment, mouse models studies that describe mechanisms or novel potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for these endocrine cancers are presented. Scopes: The scope of this Research Topic was to cover the entire field of thyroid cancers: the main focus of this topic is translational, with an emphasis on bench to bedside research. Experimental, pre-clinical and clinical research addressing the following aspects is included in this Research Topic: 1) Investigation of specific molecular patterns of thyroid tumorigenesis, which could allow the development of new directions in the field of pharmacotherapy research; 2) Emphasis on animal studies (preclinical models of human anaplastic thyroid cancers) for the validation of biomarkers with the potential to lead to clinical trials, and studies of targetable mechanisms of oncogenesis, progression of these malignancies, tumor microenvironment and extracellular matrix, and metastatic disease; 3) Assessment of biomarkers to predict the potential response or resistance to drug treatment (targeted cancer therapies) or to guide the follow-up of treated patients; 4) Investigation of new laboratory molecular tests (e.g. molecular techniques and applications of thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy) to translate in the clinical practice; In summary, specific areas of interest include: thyroid cancer genetics; genome-wide analysis; clinical and translational research; orthotopic mouse models of metastatic thyroid carcinoma; tumor microenvironment; epigenetic; biological insights of personalized medicine; novel applications of bioinformatics; large scale molecular characterization of tumors; diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers; endocrine pathology studies; thyroid fine-needle aspiration.

Endocrinology. --- Cancer. --- microenvironment --- RET --- BRAFV600E --- Papillary thyroid cancer --- translational --- epigenetic --- papillary thyroid microcarcinoma --- metastasis --- beta-Catenin --- anaplastic thyroid cancer

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Since the 1990s, ultrasound (US) has played a major role in the assessment of thyroid nodules and their risk of malignancy. Over the last decade, the most eminent international societies have published US-based systems for the risk stratification of thyroid lesions, namely, Thyroid Imaging Reporting And Data Systems (TIRADSs). The introduction of TIRADSs into clinical practice has significantly increased the diagnostic power of US to a level approaching that of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). At present, we are probably approaching a new era in which US could be the primary tool to diagnose thyroid cancer. However, before using US in this new dominant role, we need further proof. This Special Issue, which includes reviews and original articles, aims to pave the way for the future in the field of thyroid US. Highly experienced thyroidologists focused on US are asked to contribute to achieve this goal.

Medicine --- Clinical & internal medicine --- thyroid --- ultrasonography --- follicular neoplasm --- follicular lesion of unknown significance --- follicular thyroid cancer --- papillary thyroid carcinoma --- neoplasm metastasis --- biopsy --- fine-needle --- thyroglobulin --- US-guided minimally invasive techniques --- radiofrequency ablation --- RFA --- benign thyroid nodules --- thyroid cancer --- DTC recurrences --- PTMC --- long term --- follow-up --- regrowth --- classification system --- ultrasound classification system --- TIRAD --- nodule --- risk stratification --- TI-RADS --- fine-needle aspiration --- cancer --- ultrasound --- scintigraphy --- non-autonomously functioning --- thyroid imaging reporting and data systems (TIRADS) --- risk of malignancy (ROM) --- thyroid nodules --- paediatrics --- radiotherapy --- risk assessment --- DTC --- thyroid neoplasm --- medical imaging --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- deep learning --- radiomics --- prediction --- diagnosis --- Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (TIRADS) --- pediatric thyroid nodules --- neck ultrasound --- contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) --- papillary thyroid cancer --- TIRADS --- thyroid nodule --- fine-needle aspiration biopsy --- elastosonography --- thyroid --- ultrasonography --- follicular neoplasm --- follicular lesion of unknown significance --- follicular thyroid cancer --- papillary thyroid carcinoma --- neoplasm metastasis --- biopsy --- fine-needle --- thyroglobulin --- US-guided minimally invasive techniques --- radiofrequency ablation --- RFA --- benign thyroid nodules --- thyroid cancer --- DTC recurrences --- PTMC --- long term --- follow-up --- regrowth --- classification system --- ultrasound classification system --- TIRAD --- nodule --- risk stratification --- TI-RADS --- fine-needle aspiration --- cancer --- ultrasound --- scintigraphy --- non-autonomously functioning --- thyroid imaging reporting and data systems (TIRADS) --- risk of malignancy (ROM) --- thyroid nodules --- paediatrics --- radiotherapy --- risk assessment --- DTC --- thyroid neoplasm --- medical imaging --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- deep learning --- radiomics --- prediction --- diagnosis --- Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (TIRADS) --- pediatric thyroid nodules --- neck ultrasound --- contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) --- papillary thyroid cancer --- TIRADS --- thyroid nodule --- fine-needle aspiration biopsy --- elastosonography

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Since the 1990s, ultrasound (US) has played a major role in the assessment of thyroid nodules and their risk of malignancy. Over the last decade, the most eminent international societies have published US-based systems for the risk stratification of thyroid lesions, namely, Thyroid Imaging Reporting And Data Systems (TIRADSs). The introduction of TIRADSs into clinical practice has significantly increased the diagnostic power of US to a level approaching that of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). At present, we are probably approaching a new era in which US could be the primary tool to diagnose thyroid cancer. However, before using US in this new dominant role, we need further proof. This Special Issue, which includes reviews and original articles, aims to pave the way for the future in the field of thyroid US. Highly experienced thyroidologists focused on US are asked to contribute to achieve this goal.

Medicine --- Clinical & internal medicine --- n/a --- thyroid --- ultrasonography --- follicular neoplasm --- follicular lesion of unknown significance --- follicular thyroid cancer --- papillary thyroid carcinoma --- neoplasm metastasis --- biopsy --- fine-needle --- thyroglobulin --- US-guided minimally invasive techniques --- radiofrequency ablation --- RFA --- benign thyroid nodules --- thyroid cancer --- DTC recurrences --- PTMC --- long term --- follow-up --- regrowth --- classification system --- ultrasound classification system --- TIRAD --- nodule --- risk stratification --- TI-RADS --- fine-needle aspiration --- cancer --- ultrasound --- scintigraphy --- non-autonomously functioning --- thyroid imaging reporting and data systems (TIRADS) --- risk of malignancy (ROM) --- thyroid nodules --- paediatrics --- radiotherapy --- risk assessment --- DTC --- thyroid neoplasm --- medical imaging --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- deep learning --- radiomics --- prediction --- diagnosis --- Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (TIRADS) --- pediatric thyroid nodules --- neck ultrasound --- contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) --- papillary thyroid cancer --- TIRADS --- thyroid nodule --- fine-needle aspiration biopsy --- elastosonography

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Major technological advances in genomics have made it possible to identify critical genetic alterations in cancer, rendering oncology well along the path to “personalised cancer medicine”. Thanks to developments in genetics, several mutations and gene rearrangements have been identified in patients with endocrine cancers (e.g., thyroid and adrenocortical carcinoma). In particular, each patient can be considered as a unique, individual one, with unique genetic information. The aim of this Special Issue is to offer an overview of exciting new research in the area of endocrine tumours may set the stage for an innovative personalised management and precision medicine modalities for individualised care.New affordable individual genomic analyses, as well as the opportunity to test new compounds in primary cells may allow a personalised management of patients with endocrine malignancies. This approach may improve the prediction of clinical outcome and therapeutic effectiveness, as well as help to avoid the use of ineffective drugs. However, further efforts are needed to obtain an adjustment of clinical management in patients with endocrine cancers that would rely solely or in great part on genetic information. This Special Issue includes basic, translational, and clinical papers on personalised medicine in endocrine malignancies (i.e., thyroid and adrenal), especially focusing on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as novel drug targets or targeted treatments, including eventual clinical trials.

Medicine --- papillary thyroid cancer --- SUV PET/CT --- BRAF V600E --- immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) --- ipilimumab --- nivolumab --- prolactinoma --- Cushing’s disease --- aggressive pituitary tumor --- aggressive PitNET --- aggressive pituitary adenoma --- pituitary carcinoma --- adrenocortical cancer --- adrenal adenomas --- adrenal tumors --- p53 --- p27 --- ki-67 --- reticulin --- mitotane --- adjuvant treatment --- recurrence --- recurrence free survival --- timing --- intratumoral heterogeneity --- thyroid tumor --- BRAF --- RET/PTC rearrangements --- RAS mutation --- adrenal cortex --- carcinoma --- angiogenesis --- gene expression --- osteopontin --- hyaluronan synthase 1 --- multikinase inhibitors --- sorafenib --- lenvatinib --- differentiated thyroid cancer --- radioiodine resistance --- predictive marker --- predictors --- response to treatment --- survival --- information needs and preferences --- focus group interview --- personalized medicine --- neuroendocrine tumours --- phaeochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- molecular clusters --- n/a --- Cushing's disease

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Thyroid nodular disease is one of the most frequent endocrine diseases. The prevalence of thyroid focal lesions detected by imaging techniques, according to studies on different populations, ranges from 10 to 70%. In a population of women over 50 years of age, approximately half of them will have a thyroid focal lesion. However, only 18% of thyroid nodules are diagnosed as malignant. Thyroid nodular disease is the most frequently diagnosed endocrine pathology, while thyroid cancer constitues the most common endocrine malignancy and is reponsible for about 67% of deaths due to neoplasms derived from endocrine organs. The incidence of thyroid cancer has risen by about 240% in the last three decades. Due to the increased availability of imaging techniques, recently, a rise in the detectability of thyroid cancer at the stage of microcarcinoma has been observed. Diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in patients with thyroid nodules require an interdisciplinary consensus between endocrinologists and physicians of other specialities (radiologists, pathologists, surgeons, oncologists). This book focuses on current trends in novel techniques of thyroid nodule diagnostics before they are implemented in the current guidelines on the management of thyroid nodular disease.

thyroid nodule --- care pathway --- guidelines --- fine-needle aspiration cytology --- thyroid cancer --- COLD-PCR --- digital PCR --- BRAFV600E --- papillary thyroid cancer --- liquid biopsy --- thyroid nodules --- ultrasound --- computer-aided diagnosis --- S-Detect --- EU-TIRADS --- PTC --- thyroid --- metastasis --- Snail-1 --- primary hyperparathyroidism --- parathyroidectomy --- remedial surgery --- ectopic mediastinal localization --- persistent hypercalcemia --- ectopic thymus --- shear wave sonoelastography --- strain elastography --- metastatic lymph nodes --- shear wave elastography --- interobserver variability --- tissue aspirate parathyroid hormone assay --- recurrent renal hyperparathyroidism --- persistent renal hyperparathyroidism --- parathyroid sonography --- parathyroid scintigraphy --- thyroid surgery --- vocal cord dysfunction --- vocal cord palsy --- loss of signal --- complications --- parathyroid adenoma --- hyperparathyroidism --- PET-CT --- FEC --- FCH --- n/a --- postsurgical hypoparathyroidism --- risk-factor analysis --- time course