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“About 25 years ago, Mosmann & Coffman introduced the TH1 / TH2 paradigm of T helper cell differentiation which helped explain many aspects of adaptive immunity from eliminating intracellular versus extracellular pathogens to induction of different types of tissue inflammation.   However, TH1 / TH2 paradigm could not adequately explain development of certain inflammatory responses which provided impetus for the discovery of a new subset of T cells called TH17 cells. After the discovery of differentiation and transcription factors for TH17 cells, it was clear that TH17 cells represent an independent subset of T cells with specific functions in eliminating certain extracellular pathogens, presumably not adequately handled by TH1 or TH2 cells. The major role of TH17 cells has been described in inducing auto-immune tissue inflammation.   The discovery of TH17 cells has expanded the TH1 / TH2 paradigm, and the integration of TH17 cells with TH1 and TH2 effector T cells is beginning to explain the underlying mechanisms of tissue inflammation in a number of infections and auto-immune disease settings.”   - From Chapter One by Vijay K. Kuchroo, Harvard University, USA       “The recently identified Interleukin 17 (IL-17) cytokine family contributes to immunity to infectious diseases and chronic inflammatory diseases. Further studies on the regulation and function of this important cytokine family may provide better understanding on the roles of the IL-17 family in immune-mediated diseases; such knowledge may lead to the development of immunotherapeutic strategies for treatment of several inflammatory diseases.”   - From Chapter Two by Chen Dong, University of Texas and MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA.

Allergy. --- Diseases. --- Health. --- Immunity. --- Immunology. --- T cells --- Cellular control mechanisms --- Immune response --- Inflammation --- Interleukins --- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer --- Pathologic Processes --- Diseases --- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes --- Cytokines --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins --- T-Lymphocytes --- Lymphocytes --- Biological Factors --- Peptides --- Proteins --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Leukocytes, Mononuclear --- Leukocytes --- Blood Cells --- Immune System --- Blood --- Cells --- Hemic and Immune Systems --- Anatomy --- Immune System Diseases --- Interleukin-17 --- Th17 Cells --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Regulation --- Immunological aspects --- Th1 cells --- T cells. --- T lymphocytes --- Thymus-dependent cells --- Thymus-dependent lymphocytes --- Thymus-derived cells --- Th1 helper cells --- Th1 helper lymphocytes --- Th1 lymphocytes --- Th17 cells --- Th17 cells. --- T helper 17 cells --- T helper 17 lymphocytes --- Th-17 cells --- Th17 lymphocytes --- Type 17 helper T cells --- Medicine. --- Pharmaceutical technology. --- Infectious diseases. --- Cell biology. --- Biomedicine. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Cell Biology. --- Medicine/Public Health, general. --- Pharmaceutical Sciences/Technology. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Cytology. --- Pharmaceutical laboratory techniques --- Pharmaceutical laboratory technology --- Technology, Pharmaceutical --- Technology --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cytologists --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Communicable diseases --- Immunobiology --- Serology --- Health Workforce

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This Book, entiled “Allergic Rhinosinusitis and Airway Diseases”, presents the concept of united airway disease interaction, which comprises chronic rhinosinusitis and other lower airway disorders such as asthma. This concept furthers a deeper comprehension on the pathophysiology and management of upper and lower airway diseases. In this Book, the published papers cover different interesting topics such as healthcare equality, advanced biomarkers, accurate diagnosis and treatment, occupational exposure-induced upper airway allergy and neoplastic disease mimicking chronic rhinosinusitis.

chronic rhinosinusitis --- B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder --- sinus --- nasal allergies --- tannery worker --- Kanpur --- asthma --- ovalbumin --- saffron --- salbutamol --- IL’s --- TNF-α --- allergic rhinitis --- bronchial asthma --- allergy --- Th17 cells --- IL-17 --- IL-33 --- microRNA --- miR --- airway mucosal inflammation --- united airway disease --- acute rhinosinusitis --- acute recurrent rhinosinusitis --- Mediterranean diet --- nutritional evaluation --- nutritional therapy --- olfactory dysfunction --- anosmia --- post-acute COVID-19 --- nitric oxide --- NO --- exhaled NO --- FENO --- nasal peak flow --- atopic status --- total IgE --- specific IgE --- childhood asthma --- immunoblot --- ImmunoCAP --- otolaryngology --- sinusitis --- ethnic groups --- patient-reported outcome measures --- quality of life --- social justice --- n/a --- IL's

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The book highlights important aspects of Molecular Psychiatry, including molecular mechanisms, animal models, biomarkers, advanced methods, drugs and antidepressant response, as well as genetics and epigenetics. Molecular mechanisms are a vital part of the search for the biological basis of psychiatric disorders, providing molecular hints that can later be tested as biomarkers or targets for drug development. Animal models represent a commonly used approach to aid in this bench-to-bed translation; the examples here are social defeat stress and the Roman High-Avoidance (RHA) and the Roman Low-Avoidance (RLA) rats. For biomarkers, psychiatric disorders pose a particular challenge due to the tissue specificity of many currently investigated biomarkers; i.e., not all blood-based measures directly represent changes in the brain. The Ebook includes five articles focused on the challenges of identifying clinically and biologically relevant biomarkers for psychiatric disorders. Scientific progress typically is fostered by the development of new methods. The application of machine learning methods for the proper analysis of Big Data and induced pluripotent stem cells are examples outlined in this Ebook. Furthermore, three articles are devoted to the understanding of the mechanisms of actions of existing drugs with the ultimate goal of identifying ways to predict treatment response in patients. Finally, three articles deepen the insight into the genetics and epigenetics of psychiatric disorders.

Medicine --- Mental health services --- cardiovascular disease --- cell adhesion molecules --- immunology --- inflammation --- nervous system --- schizophrenia --- bipolar disorder --- major depressive disorder --- DNA methylation --- response variability --- antipsychotics --- drug design --- multi-target drugs --- polypharmacology --- multi-task learning --- machine learning --- biomarker discovery --- psychiatry --- serotonin --- 5-HT 4 receptor --- 5-HT4R --- depression --- mood disorder --- expression --- Alzheimer's disease --- cognition --- Parkinson's disease --- forced swimming --- Roman rat lines --- stress --- hippocampus --- BDNF --- trkB --- PSA-NCAM --- western blot --- immunohistochemistry --- general cognitive function --- intelligence --- GWAS --- genetic correlation --- childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) --- induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) --- copy number variation (CNV) --- early neurodevelopment --- neuronal differentiation --- synapse --- dendritic arborization --- miRNAs --- stress physiology --- cytoskeleton --- actin dynamics --- DRR1 --- TU3A --- FAM107A --- acid sphingomyelinase --- alcohol dependence --- liver enzymes --- sphingolipid metabolism --- withdrawal --- Hsp90 --- GR --- stress response --- steroid hormones --- molecular chaperones --- psychiatric disease --- circadian rhythms --- FKBP51 --- FKBP52 --- CyP40 --- PP5 --- DISC1 --- neurodevelopment --- CRMP-2 --- proteomics --- antidepressant treatment --- HPA axis --- gene expression --- FKBP5 --- sleep --- sleep EEG --- biomarkers --- antidepressants --- cordance --- gender --- sex difference --- antidepressant --- rapid-acting --- Ketamine --- endocrinology --- (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine --- electroconvulsive therapy --- basic-helix-loop-helix --- brain --- coactivator --- glucocorticoids --- mineralocorticoid receptor knockout --- transcription biology --- dopaminergic gene polymorphisms --- affective temperament --- obesity --- alpha-synuclein --- SNCA --- major depression --- Hamilton Scale of Depression --- chemokines --- neuroinflammation --- social defeat --- Immune response --- T cells --- susceptibility --- resilience --- Treg cells --- Th17 cells --- behavior --- PPARγ --- cardiovascular disease --- cell adhesion molecules --- immunology --- inflammation --- nervous system --- schizophrenia --- bipolar disorder --- major depressive disorder --- DNA methylation --- response variability --- antipsychotics --- drug design --- multi-target drugs --- polypharmacology --- multi-task learning --- machine learning --- biomarker discovery --- psychiatry --- serotonin --- 5-HT 4 receptor --- 5-HT4R --- depression --- mood disorder --- expression --- Alzheimer's disease --- cognition --- Parkinson's disease --- forced swimming --- Roman rat lines --- stress --- hippocampus --- BDNF --- trkB --- PSA-NCAM --- western blot --- immunohistochemistry --- general cognitive function --- intelligence --- GWAS --- genetic correlation --- childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) --- induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) --- copy number variation (CNV) --- early neurodevelopment --- neuronal differentiation --- synapse --- dendritic arborization --- miRNAs --- stress physiology --- cytoskeleton --- actin dynamics --- DRR1 --- TU3A --- FAM107A --- acid sphingomyelinase --- alcohol dependence --- liver enzymes --- sphingolipid metabolism --- withdrawal --- Hsp90 --- GR --- stress response --- steroid hormones --- molecular chaperones --- psychiatric disease --- circadian rhythms --- FKBP51 --- FKBP52 --- CyP40 --- PP5 --- DISC1 --- neurodevelopment --- CRMP-2 --- proteomics --- antidepressant treatment --- HPA axis --- gene expression --- FKBP5 --- sleep --- sleep EEG --- biomarkers --- antidepressants --- cordance --- gender --- sex difference --- antidepressant --- rapid-acting --- Ketamine --- endocrinology --- (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine --- electroconvulsive therapy --- basic-helix-loop-helix --- brain --- coactivator --- glucocorticoids --- mineralocorticoid receptor knockout --- transcription biology --- dopaminergic gene polymorphisms --- affective temperament --- obesity --- alpha-synuclein --- SNCA --- major depression --- Hamilton Scale of Depression --- chemokines --- neuroinflammation --- social defeat --- Immune response --- T cells --- susceptibility --- resilience --- Treg cells --- Th17 cells --- behavior --- PPARγ

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The book highlights important aspects of Molecular Psychiatry, including molecular mechanisms, animal models, biomarkers, advanced methods, drugs and antidepressant response, as well as genetics and epigenetics. Molecular mechanisms are a vital part of the search for the biological basis of psychiatric disorders, providing molecular hints that can later be tested as biomarkers or targets for drug development. Animal models represent a commonly used approach to aid in this bench-to-bed translation; the examples here are social defeat stress and the Roman High-Avoidance (RHA) and the Roman Low-Avoidance (RLA) rats. For biomarkers, psychiatric disorders pose a particular challenge due to the tissue specificity of many currently investigated biomarkers; i.e., not all blood-based measures directly represent changes in the brain. The Ebook includes five articles focused on the challenges of identifying clinically and biologically relevant biomarkers for psychiatric disorders. Scientific progress typically is fostered by the development of new methods. The application of machine learning methods for the proper analysis of Big Data and induced pluripotent stem cells are examples outlined in this Ebook. Furthermore, three articles are devoted to the understanding of the mechanisms of actions of existing drugs with the ultimate goal of identifying ways to predict treatment response in patients. Finally, three articles deepen the insight into the genetics and epigenetics of psychiatric disorders.

cardiovascular disease --- cell adhesion molecules --- immunology --- inflammation --- nervous system --- schizophrenia --- bipolar disorder --- major depressive disorder --- DNA methylation --- response variability --- antipsychotics --- drug design --- multi-target drugs --- polypharmacology --- multi-task learning --- machine learning --- biomarker discovery --- psychiatry --- serotonin --- 5-HT 4 receptor --- 5-HT4R --- depression --- mood disorder --- expression --- Alzheimer’s disease --- cognition --- Parkinson’s disease --- forced swimming --- Roman rat lines --- stress --- hippocampus --- BDNF --- trkB --- PSA-NCAM --- western blot --- immunohistochemistry --- general cognitive function --- intelligence --- GWAS --- genetic correlation --- childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) --- induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) --- copy number variation (CNV) --- early neurodevelopment --- neuronal differentiation --- synapse --- dendritic arborization --- miRNAs --- stress physiology --- cytoskeleton --- actin dynamics --- DRR1 --- TU3A --- FAM107A --- acid sphingomyelinase --- alcohol dependence --- liver enzymes --- sphingolipid metabolism --- withdrawal --- Hsp90 --- GR --- stress response --- steroid hormones --- molecular chaperones --- psychiatric disease --- circadian rhythms --- FKBP51 --- FKBP52 --- CyP40 --- PP5 --- DISC1 --- neurodevelopment --- CRMP-2 --- proteomics --- antidepressant treatment --- HPA axis --- gene expression --- FKBP5 --- sleep --- sleep EEG --- biomarkers --- antidepressants --- cordance --- gender --- sex difference --- antidepressant --- rapid-acting --- Ketamine --- endocrinology --- (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine --- electroconvulsive therapy --- basic-helix-loop-helix --- brain --- coactivator --- glucocorticoids --- mineralocorticoid receptor knockout --- transcription biology --- dopaminergic gene polymorphisms --- affective temperament --- obesity --- alpha-synuclein --- SNCA --- major depression --- Hamilton Scale of Depression --- chemokines --- neuroinflammation --- social defeat --- Immune response --- T cells --- susceptibility --- resilience --- Treg cells --- Th17 cells --- behavior --- PPARγ --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease --- Parkinson's disease