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Sulfur is an essential element for all living organisms and is required by algae, plants, fungi, animals, and humans for growth and development. It is present in a variety of biomolecules involved in many biological functions, including the maintenance of cell redox homeostasis, defense, and detoxifying processes. The alteration of sulfur compound metabolism may lead to human diseases as well as to plant and animal pathologies. The marine environment, which is characterized by a high biodiversity of species and a great chemical diversity, represents a great potential source of bioactive sulfur molecules. A broad range of biologically active sulfur compounds with unique structures and pharmacological properties have been reported to occur in marine organisms, from amino acids to different sulfated derivatives. Great attention is also focused on sulfur metabolites in the marine microbial world in relation to the global sulfur cycle. The aim of this Special Issue is to present existing knowledge and recent studies on sulfur-containing marine bioactive compounds in different biological systems. Attention is also focused on metabolites active at the ecological level.

propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate --- angiogenesis --- invasion --- FGF2 --- MMP-2 --- MMP-9 --- fucoidan --- fucan --- age-related macular degeneration --- VEGF --- oxidative stress --- Laminaria hyperborea --- brown seaweed extracts --- proliferation --- molecular weight --- retinal pigment epithelium --- thiopeptide antibiotic --- screening --- structure elucidation --- natural products --- rare actinobacteria --- carbohydrate sulfotransferase --- carrageenan --- cytochrome P450 --- galactose-6 sulfurylase --- red alga --- reproduction stages --- WD 40 --- sulfavants --- adjuvant --- immunomodulatory activity --- colloid --- aggregates --- algae --- antioxidant --- diatoms --- light --- nitric oxide --- ovothiol --- biofouling --- marine coatings --- anti-settlement --- chemical synthesis --- sulfated --- gallic acid --- eco-friendly --- Tetraselmis suecica --- autotrophic culture --- heterotrophic culture --- exopolysaccharides --- antioxidant capacity --- cytotoxic effects on tumor cells

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The term “algae” refers to a large diversity of unrelated phylogenetic entities, ranging from picoplanktonic cells to macroalgal kelps. Marine algae are an important primary producer in the marine food chain, responsible for the high primary production of coastal areas, providing food resources in situ for many grazing species of gastropods, peracarid crustaceans, sea urchins or fish. Recent findings indicate that marine environments have rapidly changed due to global warming over the past several decades. This change has led to significant variations in marine algal ecology. For example, a long-term increase in ocean temperatures due to global warming has facilitated the intensification of harmful algal blooms, which adversely impact public health, aquatic organisms, and aquaculture industries. Thus, extensive studies have been conducted, but there is still a gap in our understanding of the variation in their ecology in accordance with future marine environmental changes. To fill this gap, studies on the taxonomy and ecology of marine algae are highly necessary. We have invited algologists to submit research articles that enable us to advance our understanding of the taxonomy and ecology of marine algae. Fourteen papers have been collected so far, which cover different aspects of the taxonomy and ecology of marine algae, including understudied species, interspecific comparisons, and new techniques.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Ulva prolifera --- Bacillus sp. --- allelopathy --- photosynthetic system --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- antioxidative system --- Chlorella vulgaris --- cold-tolerant --- PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) --- calorific value --- Cystoseira --- algal cartography --- abrasion platforms --- SE Mediterranean --- phylogeny supertree --- DNA sequencing --- harmful algal blooms --- brown tide --- life history --- Aureococcus anophagefferens --- resting stage cell --- Karlodinium --- trophic modes --- phagotrophy --- mixotrophy --- Scrippsiella --- resting cyst --- intercalary plate --- precingular plate --- ribotype --- Tetraselmis suecica --- associated bacterial community --- free-living bacteria --- particle associated bacteria --- Bacillus nitratireducens --- fermentation broth --- polyaluminum chloride coagulation (PAC) --- Gymnodinium catenatum --- cysts --- sub-fossil diatom --- sediment --- Suncheonman Bay --- new record --- Bysmatrum --- cyst --- eyespot --- morphology --- lagoon --- new record diatoms --- taxonomic --- ecological --- habitat --- Acrochaetioid --- Colaconema formosanum --- COI-5P --- Endophytic alga --- Nemaliophycidae --- rbcL --- taxonomy --- harmful algae --- molecular detection --- monitoring --- Jeju coastal waters --- Changjiang --- southwestern Yellow Sea --- outbreak mechanisms --- wind anomaly --- n/a

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The term “algae” refers to a large diversity of unrelated phylogenetic entities, ranging from picoplanktonic cells to macroalgal kelps. Marine algae are an important primary producer in the marine food chain, responsible for the high primary production of coastal areas, providing food resources in situ for many grazing species of gastropods, peracarid crustaceans, sea urchins or fish. Recent findings indicate that marine environments have rapidly changed due to global warming over the past several decades. This change has led to significant variations in marine algal ecology. For example, a long-term increase in ocean temperatures due to global warming has facilitated the intensification of harmful algal blooms, which adversely impact public health, aquatic organisms, and aquaculture industries. Thus, extensive studies have been conducted, but there is still a gap in our understanding of the variation in their ecology in accordance with future marine environmental changes. To fill this gap, studies on the taxonomy and ecology of marine algae are highly necessary. We have invited algologists to submit research articles that enable us to advance our understanding of the taxonomy and ecology of marine algae. Fourteen papers have been collected so far, which cover different aspects of the taxonomy and ecology of marine algae, including understudied species, interspecific comparisons, and new techniques.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Ulva prolifera --- Bacillus sp. --- allelopathy --- photosynthetic system --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- antioxidative system --- Chlorella vulgaris --- cold-tolerant --- PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) --- calorific value --- Cystoseira --- algal cartography --- abrasion platforms --- SE Mediterranean --- phylogeny supertree --- DNA sequencing --- harmful algal blooms --- brown tide --- life history --- Aureococcus anophagefferens --- resting stage cell --- Karlodinium --- trophic modes --- phagotrophy --- mixotrophy --- Scrippsiella --- resting cyst --- intercalary plate --- precingular plate --- ribotype --- Tetraselmis suecica --- associated bacterial community --- free-living bacteria --- particle associated bacteria --- Bacillus nitratireducens --- fermentation broth --- polyaluminum chloride coagulation (PAC) --- Gymnodinium catenatum --- cysts --- sub-fossil diatom --- sediment --- Suncheonman Bay --- new record --- Bysmatrum --- cyst --- eyespot --- morphology --- lagoon --- new record diatoms --- taxonomic --- ecological --- habitat --- Acrochaetioid --- Colaconema formosanum --- COI-5P --- Endophytic alga --- Nemaliophycidae --- rbcL --- taxonomy --- harmful algae --- molecular detection --- monitoring --- Jeju coastal waters --- Changjiang --- southwestern Yellow Sea --- outbreak mechanisms --- wind anomaly --- Ulva prolifera --- Bacillus sp. --- allelopathy --- photosynthetic system --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- antioxidative system --- Chlorella vulgaris --- cold-tolerant --- PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) --- calorific value --- Cystoseira --- algal cartography --- abrasion platforms --- SE Mediterranean --- phylogeny supertree --- DNA sequencing --- harmful algal blooms --- brown tide --- life history --- Aureococcus anophagefferens --- resting stage cell --- Karlodinium --- trophic modes --- phagotrophy --- mixotrophy --- Scrippsiella --- resting cyst --- intercalary plate --- precingular plate --- ribotype --- Tetraselmis suecica --- associated bacterial community --- free-living bacteria --- particle associated bacteria --- Bacillus nitratireducens --- fermentation broth --- polyaluminum chloride coagulation (PAC) --- Gymnodinium catenatum --- cysts --- sub-fossil diatom --- sediment --- Suncheonman Bay --- new record --- Bysmatrum --- cyst --- eyespot --- morphology --- lagoon --- new record diatoms --- taxonomic --- ecological --- habitat --- Acrochaetioid --- Colaconema formosanum --- COI-5P --- Endophytic alga --- Nemaliophycidae --- rbcL --- taxonomy --- harmful algae --- molecular detection --- monitoring --- Jeju coastal waters --- Changjiang --- southwestern Yellow Sea --- outbreak mechanisms --- wind anomaly