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Forest ecology. --- sustainable management --- FOREST ECOLOGY --- FOREST MANAGEMENT --- SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY --- FORESTS --- ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS --- FOREST RESOURCES --- PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT --- POPULATION ECOLOGY --- COMMUNITY ECOLOGY --- ECOSYSTEMS --- TEMPORAL VARIATION --- TREATISES --- MANAGEMENT
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FORESTS --- FORESTS --- FORESTS --- FORESTS --- FORESTS --- FORESTS --- PALEOBOTANY --- HISTORY --- HUMAN POPULATIONS --- SUCCESSION --- DYNAMICS --- ECOSYSTEMS --- LANDSCAPING --- NORTH AMERICA --- FORESTS --- FORESTS --- FORESTS --- FORESTS --- FORESTS --- FORESTS --- PALEOBOTANY --- HISTORY --- NORTH AMERICA --- HUMAN POPULATIONS --- INTERACTIONS --- SUCCESSION --- DYNAMICS --- ECOSYSTEMS --- TEMPORAL VARIATION --- LANDSCAPING --- NORTH AMERICA --- NORTH AMERICA
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Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile 1813 est une phanérogame marine endémique de la mer Méditerranée, formant de vastes herbiers monospécifiques dans l’environnement côtier. Ces structures complexes se révèlent être essentielles au bon fonctionnement du milieu marin de par leurs nombreux services écosystémiques rendus. Cependant, ces herbiers sont menacés par les effets combinés des activités anthropiques et du changement climatique global. Leur préservation est l’un des enjeux clés du 21ème siècle. Ce mémoire a pour objectif d’analyser la variation bathymétrique et temporelle des paramètres biométriques et des teneurs en éléments traces de l’herbier à P. oceanica du golfe de la Revellata à Calvi, Corse. Huit stations (i.e. de 5 m à 36 m de profondeur) ont été échantillonnées pendant huit périodes (i.e. d’août 2018 à octobre 2019). Un total de 192 faisceaux de P. oceanica a été récolté, soit 3 individus par station et par période. La densité a été relevée in situ tandis que la biométrie a été réalisée en laboratoire selon la méthode de Giraud. Ensuite, les teneurs en 10 éléments traces (i.e. Al, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd et Pb), choisis sur base de divers critères, ont été analysées à l’aide de la spectrométrie de masse à plasma à couplage inductif. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus en 2018 et 2019 a permis d’établir l’état de santé actuel de l’herbier de Calvi. Afin d’observer d’éventuels changements, l’évolution sur le long terme a été visualisée en comparant les paramètres biométriques depuis 1993 et les teneurs en éléments traces depuis 2008. La densité est significativement similaire en 1993, 2018 et 2019. Cependant, une hausse significative des paramètres foliaires, de la biomasse épiphyte et du pourcentage de broutage est observée en 2018 et 2019. De plus, une influence significative de la bathymétrie et de la saisonnalité est constatée sur les paramètres biométriques. Une augmentation des teneurs en 6 éléments traces (i.e. Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Ni et Pb) est visualisée en 2018 et 2019. De surcroît, la profondeur et le type d’organe (i.e. feuilles ou épiphytes) conditionnent significativement la majorité des teneurs en éléments traces. Ces différentes évolutions témoignent d’une eau de bonne qualité, favorisant le développement de l’herbier. De surcroît, la hausse des températures de l’eau ainsi que l’apport modéré en nutriments pourraient être bénéfiques sur la croissance de la plante. L’augmentation de la consommation mondiale en métaux serait responsable des teneurs en éléments traces. L’herbier à P. oceanica du golfe de la Revellata semble être peu exposé aux pressions anthropiques et au changement climatique global. Néanmoins, une intensification de ces facteurs pourrait mener à un déséquilibre. Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile 1813 is a marine phanerogam endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, which forms large monospecific meadows in the coastal environment. These complex structures turn out to be essential for the proper functioning of the marine environment through their many ecosystem services. However, these meadows are threatened by the combined effects of human activities and global climate changes. Their preservation is one of the key challenges of the 21st century. The objective of this work is to analyze the bathymetric and temporal variation of the biometric parameters and the trace elements contents of the P. oceanica meadow of the Gulf of Revellata in Calvi, Corsica. Eight stations (i.e. from 5 m to 36 m deep) were sampled over eight periods (i.e. from August 2018 to October 2019). A total of 192 P. oceanica shoots were harvested, which means 3 individuals per station and per period. The density was recorded in situ while the biometry was performed in the laboratory according to the Giraud method. Then, the contents of 10 trace elements (i.e. Al, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd, and Pb), chosen on the basis of various criteria, were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. All the results obtained in 2018 and 2019 made it possible to establish the current state of health of the Calvi meadow. To observe possible changes, the long-term evolution was visualized by comparing the biometric parameters since 1993 and the trace elements contents since 2008. Density is significantly similar in 1993, 2018, and 2019. However, a significant increase in leaf parameters, epiphytic biomass, and percentage of grazing is observed in 2018 and 2019. In addition, a significant influence of bathymetry and seasonality is noted on the biometric parameters. An increase in the content of 6 trace elements (i.e. Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Ni, and Pb) is seen in 2018 and 2019. In addition, the depth and type of organ (i.e. leaves or epiphytes) significantly condition the majority of trace elements contents. These different evolutions testify good quality waters, favoring the development of the meadow. The increase in water temperatures and moderate nutrient intake could also benefit plant growth. The increase in global metal consumption is believed to be responsible for trace elements contents. The P. oceanica meadow in the Gulf of Revellata appears to have little exposure to anthropogenic pressures and global climate change. However, an intensification of these factors could lead to an imbalance.
Posidonia oceanica --- Herbier --- Phanérogame marine --- Densité --- Biométrie --- Éléments traces --- Évolution bathymétrique --- Évolution temporelle --- Anthropisation --- Changement climatique global --- Posidonia oceanica --- Meadow --- Marine phanerogam --- Density --- Biometry --- Trace elements --- Bathymetric variation --- Temporal variation --- Anthropization --- Global climate change --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences aquatiques & océanologie
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For the past 4 billion years, the chemistry of the Earth's surface, where all life exists, has changed remarkably. Historically, these changes have occurred slowly enough to allow life to adapt and evolve. In more recent times, the chemistry of the Earth is being altered at a staggering rate, fueled by industrialization and an ever-growing human population. Human activities, from the rapid consumption of resources to the destruction of the rainforests and the expansion of smog-covered cities, are all leading to rapid changes in the basic chemistry of the Earth. The Second Edition of Biogeochemistry considers the effects of life on the Earth's chemistry on a global level. This expansive text employs current technology to help students extrapolate small-scale examples to the global level, and also discusses the instrumentation being used by NASA and its role in studies of global change. With the Earth's changing chemistry as the focus, this text pulls together the many disparate fields that are encompassed by the broad reach of biogeochemistry. With extensive cross-referencing of chapters, figures, and tables, and an interdisciplinary coverage of the topic at hand, this text will provide an excellent framework for courses examining global change and environmental chemistry, and will also be a useful self-study guide. * Emphasizes the effects of life on the basic chemistry of the atmosphere, the soils, and seawaters of the Earth * Calculates and compares the effects of industrial emissions, land clearing, agriculture, and rising population on Earths chemistry * Synthesizes the global cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur, and suggests the best current budgets for atmospheric gases such as ammonia, nitrous oxide, dimethyl sulfide, and carbonyl sulfide * Includes an extensive review and up-to-date synthesis of the current literature on the Earths biogeochemistry
General biochemistry --- Geochemistry --- Biogeochemistry. --- Geografie --- Fysische geografie --- Het Gekoppelde Systeem "Mens-Fysisch Milieu" --- (geofactoren, ecosysteemdiensten, menselijk impact op het fysisch milieu, landdegradatie, desertificatie, global change) --- (geofactoren, ecosysteemdiensten, menselijk impact op het fysisch milieu, landdegradatie, desertificatie, global change). --- BIOGEOCHEMISTRY --- CENTERS OF ORIGIN --- BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES --- TEMPORAL VARIATION --- TEXTBOOKS --- ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT --- ATMOSPHERE --- ATMOSPHERE (EARTH) --- WATERS --- LITHOSPHERE --- BIOSPHERE --- BIOSPHERE (EARTH) --- HYDROSPHERE --- EARTH
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This special volume aims to collecg new ideas and contributions at the frontier between the fields of data handling, processing and modeling for volcanic and seismic systems. Technological evolution, as well as the increasing availability of new sensors and platforms, and freely available data, pose a new challenge to the scientific community in the development new tools and methods that can integrate and process different information. The recent growth in multi-sensor monitoring networks and satellites, along with the exponential increase in the spatiotemporal data, has revealed an increasingly compelling need to develop data processing, analysis and modeling tools. Data processing, analysis and modeling techniques may allow significant information to be identified and integrated into volcanic/seismological monitoring systems. The newly developed technology is expected to improve operational hazard detection, alerting, and management abilities.
Technology: general issues --- Environmental science, engineering & technology --- seismic swarm --- relocated aftershocks --- transition zone --- b value temporal variation --- central Ionian Islands (Greece) --- volcanic eruptions --- volcanic plumes --- CO2 flux --- DIAL-Lidar --- data processing techniques --- SAR --- InSAR --- ground deformation --- Sentinel-1 --- volcano monitoring --- GNSS --- seismicity --- slope instability --- MT-InSAR --- volcanoes --- ASTER --- Robust Satellite Techniques --- Google Earth Engine --- volcanic mounds --- seismic time and depth processing --- MVA --- CO2 storage --- volcano geodesy --- multidisciplinary monitoring --- paroxysms --- lava fountain --- volcanic eruption --- modeling --- tilt --- GPS --- seismic swarm --- relocated aftershocks --- transition zone --- b value temporal variation --- central Ionian Islands (Greece) --- volcanic eruptions --- volcanic plumes --- CO2 flux --- DIAL-Lidar --- data processing techniques --- SAR --- InSAR --- ground deformation --- Sentinel-1 --- volcano monitoring --- GNSS --- seismicity --- slope instability --- MT-InSAR --- volcanoes --- ASTER --- Robust Satellite Techniques --- Google Earth Engine --- volcanic mounds --- seismic time and depth processing --- MVA --- CO2 storage --- volcano geodesy --- multidisciplinary monitoring --- paroxysms --- lava fountain --- volcanic eruption --- modeling --- tilt --- GPS
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This special volume aims to collecg new ideas and contributions at the frontier between the fields of data handling, processing and modeling for volcanic and seismic systems. Technological evolution, as well as the increasing availability of new sensors and platforms, and freely available data, pose a new challenge to the scientific community in the development new tools and methods that can integrate and process different information. The recent growth in multi-sensor monitoring networks and satellites, along with the exponential increase in the spatiotemporal data, has revealed an increasingly compelling need to develop data processing, analysis and modeling tools. Data processing, analysis and modeling techniques may allow significant information to be identified and integrated into volcanic/seismological monitoring systems. The newly developed technology is expected to improve operational hazard detection, alerting, and management abilities.
Technology: general issues --- Environmental science, engineering & technology --- seismic swarm --- relocated aftershocks --- transition zone --- b value temporal variation --- central Ionian Islands (Greece) --- volcanic eruptions --- volcanic plumes --- CO2 flux --- DIAL-Lidar --- data processing techniques --- SAR --- InSAR --- ground deformation --- Sentinel-1 --- volcano monitoring --- GNSS --- seismicity --- slope instability --- MT-InSAR --- volcanoes --- ASTER --- Robust Satellite Techniques --- Google Earth Engine --- volcanic mounds --- seismic time and depth processing --- MVA --- CO2 storage --- volcano geodesy --- multidisciplinary monitoring --- paroxysms --- lava fountain --- volcanic eruption --- modeling --- tilt --- GPS --- n/a
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This special volume aims to collecg new ideas and contributions at the frontier between the fields of data handling, processing and modeling for volcanic and seismic systems. Technological evolution, as well as the increasing availability of new sensors and platforms, and freely available data, pose a new challenge to the scientific community in the development new tools and methods that can integrate and process different information. The recent growth in multi-sensor monitoring networks and satellites, along with the exponential increase in the spatiotemporal data, has revealed an increasingly compelling need to develop data processing, analysis and modeling tools. Data processing, analysis and modeling techniques may allow significant information to be identified and integrated into volcanic/seismological monitoring systems. The newly developed technology is expected to improve operational hazard detection, alerting, and management abilities.
seismic swarm --- relocated aftershocks --- transition zone --- b value temporal variation --- central Ionian Islands (Greece) --- volcanic eruptions --- volcanic plumes --- CO2 flux --- DIAL-Lidar --- data processing techniques --- SAR --- InSAR --- ground deformation --- Sentinel-1 --- volcano monitoring --- GNSS --- seismicity --- slope instability --- MT-InSAR --- volcanoes --- ASTER --- Robust Satellite Techniques --- Google Earth Engine --- volcanic mounds --- seismic time and depth processing --- MVA --- CO2 storage --- volcano geodesy --- multidisciplinary monitoring --- paroxysms --- lava fountain --- volcanic eruption --- modeling --- tilt --- GPS --- n/a
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The global biodiversity and climate emergencies demand transformative changes to human activities. For example, food production relies on synthetic, industrial and non-sustainable products for managing pests, weeds and diseases of crops. Sustainable farming requires approaches to managing these agricultural constraints that are more environmentally benign and work with rather than against nature. Increasing pressure on synthetic products has reinvigorated efforts to identify alternative pest management options, including plant-based solutions that are environmentally benign and can be tailored to different farmers’ needs, from commercial to small holder and subsistence farming. Botanical insecticides and pesticidal plants can offer a novel, effective and more sustainable alternative to synthetic products for controlling pests, diseases and weeds. This Special Issue reviews and reports the latest developments in plant-based pesticides from identification of bioactive plant chemicals, mechanisms of activity and validation of their use in horticulture and disease vector control. Other work reports applications in rice weeds, combination biopesticides and how chemistry varies spatially and influences the effectiveness of botanicals in different locations. Three reviews assess wider questions around the potential of plant-based pest management to address the global challenges of new, invasive and established crop pests and as-yet underexploited pesticidal plants.
antifeedant --- encapsulation --- induced systemic response --- corn --- barnyard grass --- rutin --- deguelin --- botanical pesticides --- insect behavior --- organic farming --- aphids --- leaf disc assay --- Melia volkensii --- rotenoids --- botanicals --- entomopathogenic fungi --- anise --- oil emulsion entrapment --- integrated pest management --- sesquiterpene --- botanical pesticide --- pest management --- neem --- insecticidal activity --- insect pest --- insects --- resistance --- biopesticide --- Tetranychus urticae --- karanja --- Colorado potato beetle --- essential oils --- Y-tube olfactometer --- parasitoid --- pests --- chemotype 3 --- limonoid --- prospects --- pyrethrum --- botanical insecticides --- weed control --- cover crops --- agro-ecological intensification --- spatial-temporal variation --- survival analysis --- Senecio fistulosus --- organic pesticide --- synergism --- growth inhibitor --- biopesticides --- tryptophan --- acaricide --- pyrrolizidine alkaloid --- phytotoxic activity --- phenylalanine --- rice --- Meliaceae --- invasive species --- botanical active substances --- structure-activity relationships --- pesticidal plant --- fennel --- spray drying --- foliar fertiliser --- sustainable agriculture --- Italian ryegrass
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"The Earth's climate system depends entirely on the Sun for its energy. Solar radiation warms the atmosphere and is fundamental to atmospheric composition, while the distribution of solar heating across the planet produces global wind patterns and contributes to the formation of clouds, storms, and rainfall. The Sun's Influence on Climate provides an unparalleled introduction to this vitally important relationship.This accessible primer covers the basic properties of the Earth's climate system, the structure and behavior of the Sun, and the absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere. It explains how solar activity varies and how these variations affect the Earth's environment, from long-term paleoclimate effects to century timescales in the context of human-induced climate change, and from signals of the 11-year sunspot cycle to the impacts of solar emissions on space weather in our planet's upper atmosphere.Written by two of the leading authorities on the subject, The Sun's Influence on Climate is an essential primer for students and nonspecialists alike"--
Solar-terrestrial physics. --- Climatic changes --- Weather --- Solar activity --- Solar terrestrial interactions --- Solar-terrestrial relations --- Sun-Earth connection --- Terrestrial-solar relations --- Geophysics --- Effect of solar activity on. --- EUV. --- Earth. --- Sun. --- UV radiation. --- UV. --- X-ray wavelengths. --- atmosphere. --- atmospheric composition. --- average temperature. --- biological processes. --- biosphere. --- chemical processes. --- climate change. --- climate system. --- climate. --- coronal mass ejections. --- cryosphere. --- dendrochronology. --- energy source. --- global wind patterns. --- human activity. --- infrared. --- lower stratosphere. --- magnetic field. --- meteorological balloons. --- meteorological records. --- natural factors. --- paleoclimate. --- physical processes. --- proxy data. --- radiation budget. --- radiation. --- regression analysis. --- solar activity. --- solar atmosphere. --- solar corona. --- solar cycle. --- solar emissions. --- solar energy. --- solar heating. --- solar luminosity. --- solar magnetic field. --- solar radiation. --- solar wind. --- space environment. --- space weather. --- sunspots. --- surface temperature. --- temperature. --- temporal variation. --- weather variations.
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This Special Issue (SI) on “Land Degradation Assessment with Earth Observation” comprises 17 original research papers with a focus on land degradation in arid, semiarid and dry-subhumid areas (i.e., desertification) in addition to temperate rangelands, grasslands, woodlands and the humid tropics. The studies cover different spatial, spectral and temporal scales and employ a wealth of different optical and radar sensors. Some studies incorporate time-series analysis techniques that assess the general trend of vegetation or the timing and duration of the reduction in biological productivity caused by land degradation. As anticipated from the latest trend in Earth Observation (EO) literature, some studies utilize the cloud-computing infrastructure of Google Earth Engine to cope with the unprecedented volume of data involved in current methodological approaches. This SI clearly demonstrates the ever-increasing relevance of EO technologies when it comes to assessing and monitoring land degradation. With the recently published IPCC Reports informing us of the severe impacts and risks to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and the ecosystem services they provide, the EO scientific community has a clear obligation to increase its efforts to address any remaining gaps—some of which have been identified in this SI—and produce highly accurate and relevant land-degradation assessment and monitoring tools.
Research & information: general --- bfast --- Mann-Kendall --- Sen's slope --- East Africa --- NDVI --- breakpoint analysis --- vegetation trends --- greening --- browning --- Kenya --- Uganda --- trend analysis --- land use --- land cover --- spatial heterogeneity --- mining development --- geographically weighted regression (GWR) --- Mann-Kendall --- arid and semi-arid areas --- salinization --- irrigated systems --- Niger River basin --- salinity index --- vegetation index --- TI-NDVI --- Sentinel-2 images --- high temporal resolution --- wind erosion modeling --- RWEQ --- GEE --- central Asia --- spatial-temporal variation --- land degradation --- archetypes --- self-organizing maps --- drivers --- savannah --- Nigeria --- reference levels --- REDD+ --- greenhouse gas emissions --- Xishuangbanna --- monitoring and reporting --- Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) --- Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) --- drought --- land use-land cover --- remote sensing --- Botswana --- developing countries --- Google Earth Engine --- Landsat time series analysis --- semi-arid areas --- sustainable land management programmes --- precipitation --- breakpoints and timeseries analysis --- ecosystem structural change --- BFAST --- land degradation neutrality --- SDG --- land productivity --- Landsat --- vegetation-precipitation relationship --- soil organic carbon --- Kobresia pygmaea community --- unmanned aerial vehicle --- Gaofen satellite --- spatial distribution --- aridity index --- satellite-based aridity index --- remote sensing index --- salinized land degradation index (SDI) --- Amu Darya delta (ADD) --- satellite imagery --- gully mapping --- machine learning --- random forest --- support vector machines --- South Africa --- semi-arid environment --- shrub encroachment --- slangbos --- Earth observation --- time series --- Sentinel-1 --- Sentinel-2 --- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) --- Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) --- Kyrgyzstan --- pastures --- MODIS --- land surface phenology --- drought impacts --- drought adaptation --- drought index --- vegetation resilience --- drought vulnerability --- standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index --- AVHRR --- bfast --- Mann-Kendall --- Sen's slope --- East Africa --- NDVI --- breakpoint analysis --- vegetation trends --- greening --- browning --- Kenya --- Uganda --- trend analysis --- land use --- land cover --- spatial heterogeneity --- mining development --- geographically weighted regression (GWR) --- Mann-Kendall --- arid and semi-arid areas --- salinization --- irrigated systems --- Niger River basin --- salinity index --- vegetation index --- TI-NDVI --- Sentinel-2 images --- high temporal resolution --- wind erosion modeling --- RWEQ --- GEE --- central Asia --- spatial-temporal variation --- land degradation --- archetypes --- self-organizing maps --- drivers --- savannah --- Nigeria --- reference levels --- REDD+ --- greenhouse gas emissions --- Xishuangbanna --- monitoring and reporting --- Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) --- Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) --- drought --- land use-land cover --- remote sensing --- Botswana --- developing countries --- Google Earth Engine --- Landsat time series analysis --- semi-arid areas --- sustainable land management programmes --- precipitation --- breakpoints and timeseries analysis --- ecosystem structural change --- BFAST --- land degradation neutrality --- SDG --- land productivity --- Landsat --- vegetation-precipitation relationship --- soil organic carbon --- Kobresia pygmaea community --- unmanned aerial vehicle --- Gaofen satellite --- spatial distribution --- aridity index --- satellite-based aridity index --- remote sensing index --- salinized land degradation index (SDI) --- Amu Darya delta (ADD) --- satellite imagery --- gully mapping --- machine learning --- random forest --- support vector machines --- South Africa --- semi-arid environment --- shrub encroachment --- slangbos --- Earth observation --- time series --- Sentinel-1 --- Sentinel-2 --- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) --- Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) --- Kyrgyzstan --- pastures --- MODIS --- land surface phenology --- drought impacts --- drought adaptation --- drought index --- vegetation resilience --- drought vulnerability --- standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index --- AVHRR
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