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Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are discrete warm-water anomalies events occurring in every ocean around the globe, in both coastal and open ocean, having major impacts on ecosystems, fisheries and aquaculture. Although processes leading to MHWs formation are becoming more and more studied since the beginning of the 2010s, the way they interact together to trigger MHWs remains not fully understood. Nevertheless, their link to human-induced global warming tends to be certain. The southern part of Chile (41°5’S - 56°S) is characterized by fjord ecosystems already experiencing global warming consequences, whether large-scale or local climate modifications. However, to the best of our knowledge, MHWs occurrence in Southern Chile has never been subject to studies, despite the fjord ecosystem’s vulnerability to climate warming. Therefore, we assessed a global analysis of the MHWs that have occurred between 1982 and 2020 along Central and South coastal Chile, from 29°S to 55°S. We found that the last decade was record-breaking in terms of duration, intensity and occurrence of MHWs. In 2016, succession of MHWs during austral autumn, winter and spring lead to the formation of the longest (148 days, almost 5 months) and most extreme events (2.25°C above the climatology) ever recorded along Chile between 1982 and 2020. Those events were due to the advection of warm-waters anomalies coming from the open ocean and combination of persisting high pressure system with lower winds having led to reduced heat transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere. In addition, a global context of positive phases of El Niño Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode contributed to the MHWs formation. Les vagues de chaleur marine, ou marine heatwaves (MHWs), sont des évènements discrets caractérisés par des eaux anormalement chaudes. Elles se produisent dans tous les océans, que ce soit en milieu côtier ou en pleine mer, et impactent fortement les écosystèmes marins, mais également les pêcheries et l’aquaculture. Bien que les processus menant à la formation de tels évènements soient de plus en plus étudiés depuis le début des années 2010, les interactions qu’ils ont entre eux pour conduire à la formation de MHWs restent encore relativement méconnues. Il est cependant de plus en plus certain que les MHWs sont liées au réchauffement climatique anthropique. Le sud du Chili (41°5’S – 46°S) est constitué d’un ensemble de fjords où les conséquences du réchauffement climatique se font déjà ressentir, que ce soient des modifications climatiques à l’échelle locale ou régionale. Cependant, d’après nos connaissances, il n’y a jamais eu d’étude portant sur les MHWs dans cette région du monde. Par conséquent, nous avons réalisé une étude globale des MHWs qui se sont produites entre 1982 et 2020 le long des côtes du Centre et du Sud du Chili, de 29°S à 55°S. Nous avons trouvé que la dernière décennie a été marquée par des MHWs particulièrement longues et fortes, et qu’elles se sont produites en plus grand nombre. En 2016, plusieurs MHWs se sont succédées de l’automne jusqu’au printemps australs, conduisant à la formation de la plus longue MHW (148 jours) et de la plus extrême (2.25°C au-dessus de la climatologie). Ces MHWs se sont produits suite au transport près des côtes d’eaux anormalement chaudes en provenance du Pacifique extratropical, associées à des hautes pressions stationnaires et une réduction des vents conduisant à une diminution des échanges de chaleur entre l’océan et l’atmosphère, en partie liés à des phases positives de El Niño Southern Oscillation et du Southern Annular Mode.

marine heatwave --- Pacific Ocean --- Patagonia --- Chile --- sea surface temperature --- sea surface temperature anomaly --- SST --- El Niño Southern Oscillation --- Southern Annular Mode --- marine heatwave --- Océan Pacifique --- Patagonie --- Chili --- El Niño Southern Oscillation --- Southern Annular Mode --- SST --- vague de chaleur marine --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences aquatiques & océanologie

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This paper uses district level data to estimate the general relationship between climate, income and life expectancy in Peru. The analysis finds that both incomes and life expectancy show hump-shaped relationships, with optimal average annual temperatures around 18-20 Degree Celsius. These estimated relationships were used to simulate the likely effects of both past (1958-2008) and future (2008-2058) climate change. At the aggregate level, future climate change in Peru is estimated to cause a small reduction in average life expectancy of about 0.2 years. This average, however, hides much larger losses in the already hot areas as well as substantial gains in currently cold areas. Similarly, the average impact on incomes is a modest reduction of 2.3 percent, but with some districts experiencing losses of up to 20 percent and others gains of up to 13 percent. Future climate change is estimated to cause an increase in poverty (all other things equal), but to have no significant effect on the distribution of incomes.

Climate --- Climate Change Economics --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Climates --- Daily temperature --- Effect of temperature --- Environment --- Excessive rainfall --- Extreme events --- Future Climate Change --- Global temperatures --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Impacts of Climate Change --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Meteorological stations --- Ocean currents --- Ocean temperatures --- Population Policies --- Science and Technology Development --- Science of Climate Change --- Scientific evidence --- Temperature --- Temperature anomalies --- Temperature anomaly --- Temperature changes --- Temperature increases --- Temperature variations --- Temperatures