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Book
Policy Choices Can Help Keep 4G and 5G Universal Broadband Affordable
Authors: --- ---
Year: 2021 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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Abstract

The United Nations Broadband Commission has committed the international community to accelerate universal broadband, but the cost of meeting these objectives in the context of rapid technological change are not well understood. Using scenario analysis, this paper compares the global cost-effectiveness of different infrastructure strategies for the developing world to achieve universal 4G or 5G mobile broadband. Utilizing remote sensing and demand forecasting, least-cost network designs are developed for eight representative low- and middle-income countries (Malawi, Uganda, Kenya, Senegal, Pakistan, Albania, Peru, and Mexico), which provide the basis for aggregation to the global level. The cost of meeting UN Broadband Commission targets across the developing world is estimated at USD 1.6-1.7 trillion over the next decade, approximately 0.5-0.6% of annual gross domestic product for the developing world over the next decade. However, by creating a favorable regulatory environment, governments can bring down these costs by as much as three-quarters - to USD 0.5 trillion (around 0.15 percent of annual gross domestic product) - and largely avoid the need for public subsidies. While 4G technology remains somewhat more cost-effective at the global scale, 5G NSA can sometimes prove less costly at the national level, particularly for countries with relatively low existing coverage of 4G technologies, and a tendency to be capacity-constrained in terms of demand. Providing that governments make judicious choices, adopting fiscal and regulatory regimes that are conducive to lowering costs, universal broadband may be within reach of most developing countries over the next decade.

The communications toolkit : how to build and regulate any communications business
Authors: ---
ISBN: 0262122464 0262278537 0585442606 9780262278539 9780585442600 9780262122467 Year: 2002 Publisher: Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press,

Regulations, institutions, and commitment: comparative studies of telecommunications
Authors: ---
ISBN: 0521559960 0521550130 1139174584 Year: 1996 Publisher: Cambridge Cambridge University Press

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The book assesses the impact of core political and social institutions on regulatory structures and performance in the telecommunications industry in Jamaica, the United Kingdom, Chile, Argentina, and the Philippines. These core institutions are shown to influence strongly the credibility and effectiveness of regulation, and thus its ability to encourage private investment and support efficiency. Currently, privatization and regulatory reform are often viewed as the solution to the problem of poor performance by telecommunications and other public utilities. This volume argues that these high expectations may not always be met because of the way a country's political and social institutions - its executive, legislative and judicial systems, its informal norms of public behaviour - interact with regulatory processes and economic conditions. In some environments, regulatory solutions run counter to the prevailing wisdom: achieving credible commitment may require an inflexible regulatory regime, and sometimes public ownership of utilities may be the only feasible alternative.


Book
Transnational European television drama: production, genres and audiences
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
ISBN: 3319628054 3319628062 9783319628066 Year: 2017 Publisher: Cham Palgrave Macmillan

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This book deals with the role of television drama in Europe as enabler of transnational, cultural encounters for audiences and the creative community. It demonstrates that the diversity of national cultures is a challenge for European TV drama but also a potential richness and source of creative variation. Based on data on the production, distribution and reception of recent TV drama from several European countries, the book presents a new picture of the transnational European television culture. The authors analyse main tendencies in television policy and challenges for national broadcasters coming from new global streaming services. Comparing cases of historical, contemporary and crime drama from several countries, this study shows the importance of creative co-production and transnational mediated cultural encounters between national cultures of Europe.

Keywords

European television --- audiovisual co-production --- audiovisual production --- artistic creation --- television --- cultural pluralism --- telecommunications policy --- dissemination of culture --- Motion pictures and television. --- Ethnology-Europe. --- Culture. --- Screen Studies. --- European Culture. --- Global/International Culture. --- përhapja e kulturës --- kultūras nodošana --- transmiterea culturală --- prenos kulture --- culturele transmissie --- trasmissione culturale --- prijenos kulture --- trasmisión cultural --- kulttuurin välittäminen --- kulturspridning --- kulturális közvetítés --- kulturformidling --- tixrid tal-kultura --- kultúrny prenos --- dyfuzja kulturowa --- διάδοση του πολιτισμού --- ширење културе --- kulturelle Übertragung --- kulturní přenos --- kultuurilevi --- transmission culturelle --- разпространение на културата --- kultūros skleidimas --- transmissão da cultura --- ширење култура --- kultūrinė sklaida --- распространување култура --- diffusion de la culture --- kultuuri levitamine --- divulgazione della cultura --- difuzarea culturală --- difusão da cultura --- diffusione della cultura --- upowszechnianie kultury --- propagazione della cultura --- razširjanje kulture --- kulturöverföring --- kulturell spridning --- kultúra terjesztése --- diffużjoni tal-kultura --- difusión cultural --- disseminazzjoni kulturali --- kulturspredning --- diffusion culturelle --- предаване на култура --- verspreiding van de cultuur --- šírenie kultúry --- промовирање култура --- širenje kulture --- kultūras izplatīšana --- a kultúra terjesztése --- culturele verspreiding --- răspândirea culturii --- kultúrne šírenie --- kultúraterjesztés --- širjenje kulture --- μεταλαμπάδευση του πολιτισμού --- cultural dissemination --- Verbreitung von Kultur --- udbredelse af kultur --- dffusione culturale --- μετάδοση του πολιτισμού --- Kulturverbreitung --- разпространение на култура --- divulgazione culturale --- kulturní šíření --- εξάπλωση των πολιτιστικών παραδόσεων --- kulttuuritarjonta --- difusión de la cultura --- diseminacija kulture --- trażmissjoni kulturali --- divulgação da cultura --- šíření kultury --- telekommunikationspolitik --- телекомуникационна политика --- политика на телекомуникациите --- политика телекомуникација --- Telekommunikationspolitik --- política das telecomunicações --- telekommunikatsioonipoliitika --- politika tat-telekomunikazzjoni --- telecommunicatiebeleid --- telekomunikāciju politika --- telekomunikacijų politika --- távközlés-politika --- televiestintäpolitiikka --- polityka telekomunikacyjna --- πολιτική τηλεπικοινωνιών --- politica telecomunicațiilor --- telekomunikační politika --- politica delle telecomunicazioni --- telekomunikacijska politika --- politika e telekomunikacionit --- política de telecomunicación --- politique de la télécommunication --- telekomunikačná politika --- telekommunikációs politika --- hírközlés-politika --- стратегија за телекомуникациите --- telekompolitik --- telekomunikační strategie --- národní telekomunikační politika --- kulturell mångfald --- kulturní pluralismus --- kultūru daudzveidīgums --- culturele verscheidenheid --- културен плурализъм --- kultuuride paljusus --- kulttuurin monimuotoisuus --- pluralism cultural --- pluralizëm kulturor --- културни плурализам --- wielokulturowość --- kulturni pluralizem --- kultūrinis pliuralizmas --- pluralismo cultural --- pluralisme culturel --- kultúrny pluralizmus --- pluralismo culturale --- multikulturalnost --- πολιτιστικός πλουραλισμός --- kulturelle Vielfalt --- културен плурализам --- kulturális pluralizmus --- pluraliżmu kulturali --- kulturel pluralisme --- multikulturāla sabiedrība --- mångkulturalism --- dvojkultúra --- monikulttuurisuus --- kultūrų pliuralizmas --- diversité culturelle --- културна разноличност --- kaksikulttuurisuus --- shoqëri multikulturore --- културна разноврсност --- multikulturalizmus --- pluralita kultur --- bikulturalizëm --- pluralitatea culturilor --- dubbele cultuur --- cultureel pluralisme --- biculturalismo --- societate multiculturală --- πολιτιστική πολυφωνία --- multicultural society --- plurality of cultures --- mitmekultuuriline ühiskond --- bikulturālisms --- kulturní rozmanitost --- priklausymas dviem kultūroms --- multiculturalismo --- rozmanitosť kultúr --- multikulturalisme --- multikulturális társadalom --- sameksistens mellem to kulturer --- daugiakultūrė visuomenė --- мултикултурно друштво --- mnohokultúrna spoločnosť --- mångkulturalitet --- mitmekultuurilisus --- společnost mnoha kultur --- мултикултурализам --- dvojí kultura --- multiculturalisme --- biculturalism --- kulturni pluralizam --- Kulturpluralismus --- bikulturalizmus --- multiculturaliteit --- културна разноликост --- biculturalisme --- мултикултурно општество --- πολιτιστική συνύπαρξη --- shumësi e kulturave --- rozmanitost kultur --- културна различност --- телевизия --- televisão --- fjernsyn --- televisioon --- televízió --- televízia --- τηλεόραση --- televīzija --- televisione --- televiżjoni --- телeвизија --- televiziune --- televize --- televizion --- televisión --- телевизија --- Fernsehen --- televisio --- televizija --- telewizja --- televisie --- télévision --- teilifís --- ТВ --- ТВ приемник --- televizní přenos --- TV-sändning --- τηλεοπτικό πρόγραμμα --- ТВ канал --- televizní stanice --- televisione via satellite --- programme de télévision --- televisione diretta --- televizní kanál --- TV-program --- televíziós program --- televizní soustava --- televizní program --- televizní vysílání --- τηλεοπτική εκπομπή --- ТВ програма --- émission télévisée --- teletrasmissione --- krijim artistik --- umjetničko stvaralaštvo --- kunstiloome --- künstlerisches Schaffen --- umelecká tvorba --- kreazzjoni artistika --- художествено творчество --- mākslinieciskā jaunrade --- creazione artistica --- уметничко стваралаштво --- művészeti alkotómunka --- уметничко творештво --- καλλιτεχνική δημιουργία --- umělecká tvorba --- artistieke schepping --- création artistique --- kunstnerisk skaben --- luova taiteellinen työ --- meninė kūryba --- twórczość artystyczna --- creație artistică --- criação artística --- creación artística --- konstnärligt skapande --- umetniško ustvarjanje --- креација --- уметничка творба --- krijimtari --- audiovizualna proizvodnja --- avdiovizualna produkcija --- audiovizuální produkce --- audiovizuális termék --- prodhim audioviziv --- audiovisuele productie --- audiovisuel produktion --- producción audiovisual --- producție audiovizuală --- audiovizualinių kūrinių gamyba --- audiovisuelle Produktion --- production audiovisuelle --- audiovizuálna produkcia --- produzione audiovisiva --- аудиовизуелна продукција --- audiovisuaalinen ohjelmatuotanto --- аудиовизуална продукция --- produzzjoni awdjoviżiva --- audiovisuell produktion --- audiovisuaalne toodang --- audiovizuāls darbs --- produkcja audiowizualna --- produção audiovisual --- οπτικοακουστική παραγωγή --- audivisuell produktion --- Fernsehproduktion --- Videoproduktion --- радиопродукција --- телевизиска продукција --- audiovizualna produkcija --- Hörfunkproduktion --- audiovisuele produktie --- televizijska produkcija --- production audio-visuelle --- audio-visual production --- garso ir vaizdo įrašų gamyba --- видеопродукција --- audiovizualna koprodukcija --- coproduction audiovisuelle --- audiovisuaalne ühistoodang --- audiovizuális koprodukció --- audiovizuální koprodukce --- koproduzzjoni awdjoviżiva --- bendra audiovizualinių kūrinių gamyba --- audiovisuell samproduktion --- audiovisuelle Koproduktion --- audiovisuaalisten ohjelmien yhteistuotanto --- bashkëprodhimi audioviziv --- coproducción audiovisual --- coprodução audiovisual --- audiovizuálna koprodukcia --- coproduzione audiovisiva --- audiovizuāls kopražojums --- avdiovizualna koprodukcija --- аудиовизуална копродукция --- аудиовизуелна копродукција --- coproducție audiovizuală --- koprodukcja audiowizualna --- συμπαραγωγή οπτικοακουστικών προγραμμάτων --- audiovisuele coproductie --- audiovisuel samproduktion --- audivisuell samproduktion --- television co-production --- tv-samproduktion --- televizní koprodukce --- копродукција на радиодифузери --- τηλεοπτική συμπαραγωγή --- coproducción para televisión --- coprodução cinematográfica --- televīzijas kopražojums --- televisioalan yhteistuotanto --- samproduktion mellan TV-bolag --- coproduction télévisuelle --- televisioonialane ühistoodang --- audiovisuel koproduktion --- филмска копродукција --- телевизиска копродукција --- audio-visual co-production --- bendra garso ir vaizdo įrašų gamyba --- televisie-coproductie --- audiovisuele coproduktie --- bendras televizijos programų kūrimas --- coproducție de televiziune --- televízna koprodukcia --- копродукција на аудиовизуелни програми --- bashkëprodhim audioviziv --- televíziós koprodukció --- coprodução televisiva --- bashkprodhim televiziv --- televizijska koprodukcija --- coproduzione televisiva --- coproduction audio-visuelle --- Fernsehkoproduktion --- televisión europea --- Европейска телевизия --- euroopa televisioon --- telewizja europejska --- televizioni europian --- europæisk tv --- evropska televizija --- evropská televize --- europska televizija --- Eiropas televīzija --- Европска телевизија --- televiżjoni Ewropea --- televisione europea --- европска телевизија --- Europese televisie --- eurooppalainen televisio --- televiziune europeană --- europeisk television --- télévision européenne --- európai televízió --- ευρωπαϊκή τηλεόραση --- europinė televizija --- európska televízia --- televisão europeia --- europaweites Fernsehen --- programa europeo de televisión --- Kopienas televīzijas programma --- flerspråkig TV-sändning --- daugiakalbė televizijos laida --- program comunitar multilingv --- transmission multilingue télévisuelle --- Europos televizija --- producție de televiziune comunitară --- transmissão televisiva multilingue --- programma comunitario multilingue --- program de televiziune multilingv --- europaweites Fernsehprogramm --- programme européen de télévision --- monikielinen televisiolähetys --- Eiropas televīzijas programma --- daudzvalodu televīzijas apraide --- program televizioni europian --- meertalige televisie-uitzending --- mehrsprachige Fernsehübertragung --- viacjazyčné televízne vysielanie --- programa comunitario plurilingüe --- Eurovision --- πολύγλωσσες τηλεοπτικές εκπομπές --- program Komunitar shumëgjuhësh --- ευρωπαϊκό τηλεοπτικό πρόγραμμα --- oeuvre télévisuelle communautaire --- monikielinen yhteisön ohjelma --- Community television production --- mitmekeelne teleülekanne --- eurooppalainen televisio-ohjelma --- programma europeo di televisione --- European television programme --- európsky televízny program --- komunitární televizní dílo --- trasmissione televisiva multilingue --- европска телевизиска програма --- Europos televizijos programa --- multilingual Community programme --- flerspråkigt gemenskapsprogram --- vícejazyčný komunitární program --- program de televiziune european --- audiovisuelles Werk aus der Gemeinschaft --- πολύγλωσσο κοινοτικό πρόγραμμα --- yhteisön televisio-ohjelmatuotanto --- közösségi televízióprogramok --- daugiakalbė Bendrijos programa --- Europos Bendrijos televizijos produkcija --- meertalig communautair programma --- телевизиска програма на Европската Унија --- programa europeu de televisão --- Satellitenfernsehen --- œuvre télévisuelle communautaire --- producción comunitaria para televisión --- transmetim televiziv shumëgjuhësh --- produkt televizioni Komunitar --- programa comunitário multilingue --- televizijska produkcija Zajednice --- programme communautaire multilingue --- televízna produkcia Spoločenstva --- evropské televizní dílo --- többnyelvű televízióadás --- viacjazyčný program Spoločenstva --- televizní vícejazyčný přenos --- daudzvalodu Kopienas programma --- Europees televisieprogramma --- multilingual television broadcast --- gemenskapens TV-produktion --- euroopa televisiooniprogramm --- flersproglig tv-udsendelse --- többnyelvű közösségi program --- communautair televisiewerk --- transmisión televisiva plurilingüe --- Moving-pictures and television --- Television and motion pictures --- Television --- Cultural sociology --- Culture --- Sociology of culture --- Civilization --- Popular culture --- Social aspects --- Ethnology—Europe.

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