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Nuclear weapons --- Technology transfer --- Technology transfers --- Technology transfer --- History. --- Political aspects.

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Engineering sciences. Technology --- Technology transfer --- Transfert de technologie --- Periodicals --- Périodiques --- Biotechnology. --- Science. --- Technology Transfer. --- Périodiques. --- Technology Transfer Society --- Law --- Social Sciences --- General and Others --- Intellectual Property --- Policies --- Public Policy & Administration --- Research Commercialization --- Technology Commercialization --- Technology Licensing --- Commercialization, Research --- Commercialization, Technology --- Commercializations, Research --- Commercializations, Technology --- Licensing, Technology --- Licensings, Technology --- Research Commercializations --- Technology Commercializations --- Technology Licensings --- Technology Transfers --- Transfer, Technology --- Transfers, Technology --- Sciences --- Biotechnologies

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May 2000 : Russia gets relatively little foreign direct investment and almost none of the newer, more efficient kind, involving state-of-the-art technology and world-class competitive production linked to dynamic global or regional markets. Why? And what should be done about it? Foreign direct investment brings host countries capital, productive facilities, and technology transfers as well as employment, new job skills, and management expertise. It is important to the Russian Federation, where incentives for competition are limited and incentives to becoming efficient are blunted by interregional barriers to trade, weak creditor rights, and administrative barriers to new entrants. Bergsman, Broadman, and Drebentsov argue that the old policy paradigm of foreign direct investment (established before World War II and prevalent in the 1950s and 1960s) still governs Russia. In this paradigm there are only two reasons for foreign direct investment: access to inputs for production and access to markets for outputs. Such kinds of foreign direct investment, although beneficial, are often based on generating exports that exploit cheap labor or natural resources or are aimed at penetrating protected local markets, not necessarily at world standards for price and quality. They contend that Russia should phase out high tariffs and nontariff protection for the domestic market, most tax preferences for foreign investors (which don't increase foreign direct investment but do reduce fiscal revenues), and many restrictions on foreign direct investment. They recommend that Russia switch to a modern approach to foreign direct investment by: Amending the newly enacted foreign direct investment law so that it will grant nondiscriminatory national treatment to foreign investors for both right of establishment and post-establishment operations, abolish conditions (such as local content restrictions) inconsistent with the World Trade Organization agreement on trade-related investment measures (TRIMs), and make investor-state dispute resolution mechanisms more efficient (giving foreign investors the chance to seek neutral binding international arbitration, for example); Strengthening enforcement of property rights; Simplifying registration procedures for foreign investors, to make them transparent and rules-based; Extending guarantee schemes covering basic noncommercial risks. This paper - a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Regional Office - is part of a larger effort in the region to assist the Russian authorities in preparing for accession to the World Trade Organization. The authors may be contacted at hbroadman@worldbank.org or vdrebentsov@worldbank.org.

Barriers --- Corporate Governance --- Debt Markets --- Developing Countries --- Domestic Market --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Economies --- Emerging Markets --- Enforcement --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Foreign Investment --- Foreign Investor --- Foreign Investors --- Global Market --- International Economics & Trade --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Investor --- Labor Policies --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural Resources --- Outputs --- Price --- Private Sector Development --- Property Rights --- Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures --- Social Protections and Labor --- Tax --- Technology Transfers --- Trade --- Trade and Regional Integration --- Trade Law --- Transition Countries

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Periodicals --- Technological innovations --- Technology transfer --- Innovation relay centers --- Technology Transfer. --- Innovation relay centers. --- Technological innovations. --- Technology transfer. --- Kennisoverdracht. --- Vernieuwing. --- Commission of the European Communities. --- European Commission. --- Europe. --- Europe --- Technological transfer --- Transfer of technology --- Breakthroughs, Technological --- Innovations, Industrial --- Innovations, Technological --- Technical innovations --- Technological breakthroughs --- Technological change --- Research Commercialization --- Technology Commercialization --- Technology Licensing --- Commercialization, Research --- Commercialization, Technology --- Commercializations, Research --- Commercializations, Technology --- Licensing, Technology --- Licensings, Technology --- Research Commercializations --- Technology Commercializations --- Technology Licensings --- Technology Transfers --- Transfer, Technology --- Transfers, Technology --- Centers, Innovation relay --- Relay centers, Innovation --- EU countries --- Euroland --- Council of Europe countries --- Diffusion of innovations --- Inventions --- Research, Industrial --- Technology and international relations --- Foreign licensing agreements --- Technological forecasting --- Technology --- Creative ability in technology --- Domestication of technology --- Research institutes --- International cooperation --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Transfer of knowledge. --- European Union countries.

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The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs provide federal research and development funding to small businesses. In 2008, the National Research Council completed a comprehensive assessment of the SBIR and STTR programs. The first-round study found that the programs were "sound in concept and effective in practice." Building on the outcomes from the Phase I study, this second phase examines both topics of general policy interest that emerged during the first phase and topics of specific interest to individual agencies, and provides a second snapshot to measure the program's progress against its legislative goals.

Small business --- Government policy --- Technological innovations. --- Federal aid to small business --- Small Business --- Technology Transfer --- Financing, Government --- Public Policy --- Program Evaluation --- Technological innovations --- Research --- economics --- National Science Foundation (U.S.). --- Small Business Technology Transfer Program (U.S.) --- United States --- Evaluation. --- United States. --- E-books --- Family Planning Program Evaluation --- Program Appropriateness --- Program Effectiveness --- Program Sustainability --- Evaluation, Program --- Appropriateness, Program --- Effectiveness, Program --- Evaluations, Program --- Program Evaluations --- Program Sustainabilities --- Sustainabilities, Program --- Sustainability, Program --- Evaluation Studies as Topic --- Social Validity, Research --- Affirmative Action --- Migration Policy --- Population Policy --- Social Protection --- Social Policy --- Action, Affirmative --- Migration Policies --- Policies, Migration --- Policies, Population --- Policies, Public --- Policies, Social --- Policy, Migration --- Policy, Population --- Policy, Public --- Policy, Social --- Population Policies --- Protection, Social --- Public Policies --- Social Policies --- Policy Making --- Social Control, Formal --- Government Financing --- Federal Aid --- Financing, Public --- Grants and Subsidies, Government --- Hill-Burton Act --- Subsidies, Government --- Act, Hill-Burton --- Aid, Federal --- Aids, Federal --- Federal Aids --- Government Subsidies --- Government Subsidy --- Hill Burton Act --- Public Financing --- Subsidy, Government --- Research Commercialization --- Technology Commercialization --- Technology Licensing --- Commercialization, Research --- Commercialization, Technology --- Commercializations, Research --- Commercializations, Technology --- Licensing, Technology --- Licensings, Technology --- Research Commercializations --- Technology Commercializations --- Technology Licensings --- Technology Transfers --- Transfer, Technology --- Transfers, Technology --- Businesses, Small --- Medium-sized business --- Micro-businesses --- Microbusinesses --- Microenterprises --- Small and medium-sized business --- Small and medium-sized enterprises --- Small businesses --- SMEs (Small business) --- Business --- Business enterprises --- Industries --- Size --- Small Business Technology Transfer Pilot Program (U.S.) --- STTR --- S.T.T.R. --- SBIR --- S.B.I.R. --- National Institutes of Health (U.S.). --- Small Business Innovation Research Program (National Institutes of Health) --- SBIR (Small Business Innovation Research Program) --- S.B.I.R. (Small Business Innovation Research Program)