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This peer review report analyses the practical implementation of the standard of transparency and exchange of information on request in Pakistan, as part of the second round of reviews conducted by the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes since 2016.

Taxation --- Transparency (Ethics) in government --- Tax administration and procedure --- Law and legislation --- International cooperation. --- Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes.

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The last two decades have witnessed a sharp increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and increased competition among developing countries to attract FDI, resulting in higher investment incentives offered by host governments and removal of restrictions on operations of foreign firms in their countries. Fiscal competition between governments can take the form of business tax rebates, productivity-enhancing public infrastructure or investment incentives such as tax holidays, accelerated depreciation allowances or loss carry-forward for income tax purposes. It can take place between governments of different countries or between local governments within the same country. This paper surveys the recent theoretical and empirical economic literature on decentralization which attempts to answer three questions. First, does theoretical literature on fiscal competition and "bidding races" contribute to a better understanding of such phenomenon in developing countries? Second, are FDI inflows in developing countries sensitive to fiscal incentives and is there empirical evidence of strategic behavior from the part of developing countries in order to attract FDI? Third, what evidence is there about fiscal competition among local governments in developing countries?

Central governments --- Debt Markets --- Decentralization --- Differentials --- Districts --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Fiscal federalism --- Local governments --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Private Sector Development --- Provinces --- Public consumption --- Public expenditures --- Public finance --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Economics --- Subnational Economic Development --- Tax --- Tax autonomy --- Tax competition --- Tax concessions --- Tax incentives --- Tax policies --- Tax purposes --- Tax rate --- Tax rates --- Taxation --- Taxation & Subsidies