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The Special Issue ‘Physical Metallurgy of High Manganese Steels’ addresses the highly fascinating class of manganese-alloyed steels with manganese contents well above 3 mass%. The book gathers manuscripts from internationally recognized researchers with stimulating new ideas and original results. It consists of fifteen original research papers. Seven contributions focus on steels with manganese contents above 12 mass%. These contributions cover fundamental aspects of process-microstrcuture-properties relationships with processes ranging from cold and warm rolling over deep rolling to heat treatment. Novel findings regarding the fatigue and fracture behavior, deformation mechanisms, and computer-aided design are presented. Additionally, the Special Issue also reflects the current trend of reduced Mn content (3-12 mass%) in advanced high strength steels (AHSS). Eight contributions were dedicated to these alloys, which are often referred to as 3rd generation AHSS, medium manganese steels or quenching and partitioning (Q&P/Q+P) steels. The interplay between advanced processing, mainly novel annealing variants, and microstructure evolution has been addressed using computational and experimental approaches. A deeper understanding of strain-rate sensitivity, hydrogen embrittlement, phase transformations, and the consequences for the materials’ properties has been developed. Hence, the topics included are manifold, fundamental-science oriented and, at the same time, relevant to industrial application.

n/a --- TRIP --- microstructure --- medium-manganese steel --- dislocation density --- V alloying --- ultrafine grains --- intercritical annealing --- medium manganese steel --- fracture --- precipitations --- twinning induced plasticity --- deformation behavior --- fatigue --- austenite-reversed-transformation --- medium-manganese --- Lüders band --- medium-Mn steel --- fatigue behavior --- alloy design --- austenitic high nitrogen steel (HNS) --- high-entropy alloys --- mechanical properties --- retained austenite --- high-manganese steel --- localized deformation --- phase transformation --- austenite stability --- processing --- strain-hardening behavior --- TWIP steel --- recrystallization annealing --- damage --- strengthening --- cold rolling --- ultrafine-grained microstructure --- serrated flow --- multiscale simulation --- deformation twinning --- annealing --- high-Mn steels --- corrosion resistance --- TWIP --- quenching and partitioning --- high manganese steel --- lightweight --- residual stresses --- in-situ DIC tensile tests --- crash box --- deep rolling --- high strength steel --- plastic deformation --- MMn steel X20CrNiMnVN18-5-10 --- neutron diffraction --- phase field simulation --- dynamic strain aging --- cold deformation --- near surface properties --- P steel --- continuous annealing --- texture --- hydrogen embrittlement --- hot-stamping --- warm rolling --- strain-rate sensitivity --- austenite reversion --- D&amp --- forging --- high-manganese steels --- grain refinement --- double soaking

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A variety of topics concerning ultrahigh-strength ferrous steels were collected in this book. At present, most of the ferrous steels are applied to cold sheet parts. However, they may be used as the materials of hot-forged parts in the future, because of the excellent performance of the mechanical properties. It is hoped that many researchers will have an interest in the applications of the ferrous steels to the hot-forging parts.

History of engineering & technology --- TRIP-aided martensitic steel --- case-hardening --- vacuum carburization --- fine-particle peening --- fatigue strength --- quenching and partitioning steel --- springback behavior --- strain heterogeneity --- metastable austenite --- deformation temperature --- deformation mechanisms --- tensile properties --- TRIP/TWIP steel --- strain-induced transformation --- microstructure --- mechanical property --- high carbon steel --- medium-Mn steel --- retained austenite --- Portevin-Le Chatelier phenomenon --- strain-induced martensitic transformation --- ultra-high strength steel --- Q&amp --- P --- TRIP --- lean medium Mn steel --- transformation kinetics --- hot-forging --- microalloying --- TRIP-aided bainitic ferrite steel --- tensile property --- impact toughness --- lean medium Mn Q&amp --- P steel --- stress-strain behavior --- mechanical properties --- retained austenite stability --- high-strength steel --- TRIP effect --- multiphase microstructure --- TRIP-aided steels --- hydrogen embrittlement

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The papers collected in this special issue clearly reflect the modern research trends in materials science. These fields of specific attention are high-Mn TWIP steels, high-Cr heat resistant steels, aluminum alloys, ultrafine grained materials including those developed by severe plastic deformation, and high-entropy alloys. The major portion of the collected papers is focused on the mechanisms of microstructure evolution and the mechanical properties of metallic materials subjected to various thermo-mechanical, deformation or heat treatments. Another large portion of the studies is aimed on the elaboration of alloying design of advanced steels and alloys. The changes in phase content, transformation and particle precipitation and their effect on the properties are also broadly presented in this collection, including the microstructure/property changes caused by irradiation.

n/a --- microstructure --- high-pressure torsion --- electron backscattered diffraction --- grain boundary engineering --- strengthening mechanism --- precipitation --- recrystallization --- bimodal ferrite steel --- transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- hot compression --- metal–matrix composite --- columnar grain --- shape memory alloy --- hardness --- structural steel plate --- dynamic recovery --- nonmetallic inclusions --- SEM --- Cu-Al-Mn --- ferritic steel --- strain rate --- strengthening --- elastocaloric effect --- Mg–Sm–Zn–Zr --- dynamic recrystallization --- growth rate --- corrosion resistance --- lead-free solder --- high-Mn TWIP steel --- Sn-8.0Sb-3.0Ag --- SDSS --- measuring temperature --- texture --- martensitic steels --- dynamic precipitation --- nanoindentation --- Al-Fe-Si-Zr system --- low-temperature --- orientation relationship --- M23C6 --- PWHT --- grain refinement --- force peak --- aging --- cycle time --- amorphization --- Al metal matrix composites --- aluminum alloys --- in situ tensile testing --- microstructure evolution --- Cu-Cr-Zr --- irradiation --- EBSD --- welded rotor --- ?-phase --- high-entropy alloys --- creep --- martensitic expansion --- super duplex stainless steel --- mechanical properties --- high-Mn steel --- ion irradiation --- austenitic 304 stainless steels --- impact toughness --- cold rolling --- ultrafine-grained microstructure --- press hardening --- mechanical property --- recovery --- annealing --- deformation twinning --- post-weld heat treatment --- rare earth control --- abnormal grain growth --- electron microscopy --- sub-merged arc welding --- M6C --- RAFM steels --- microstructure analysis --- electrical resistivity --- twinning --- Sb solder --- work hardening --- microhardness --- hot stamping --- weld metal --- electrical conductivity --- solder microstructure --- annealing twins --- metal-matrix composite --- Mg-Sm-Zn-Zr

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Nowadays, 25% of materials used are metals, and this ratio is not expected to decrease, as metals are indispensable for many applications due to their high resistance to temperature. The only handicap of metals is their relatively higher density with respect to composites. Lightening of metallic structures is possible in three ways: (i) employing low density metals, (ii) developing new ones, and (iii) increasing the yield strength of existing high-density metals. The Laboratory of Excellence of the Lorraine University in France, called ‘Design of Alloy Metals for Low-Mass Structures’, is working to lighten metal via metallurgical means. Two leading research laboratories compose this Laboratory of Excellence within the Lorraine University: the Laboratory of Microstructure Studies and Mechanics of Materials (LEM3), based in Metz, and the Jean Lamour Institute (IJL), located in Nancy. In this Special Issue, they report on some of their major progress in the different fields of metallurgy and mechanics of metallic materials. There are articles in the three major fields of metallurgy: physical, chemical, and mechanical metallurgy. All scales are covered, from atomistic studies to real-scale metallic structures.

Pd–10Au alloy --- shear compression --- texture --- grain boundary sliding --- TiAl alloys --- dislocation --- twinning --- nanoindentation --- ECCI --- disconnection density --- displacement discontinuity --- crack nucleation --- crack opening displacement --- digital image correlation --- Al-Cu-Li alloys --- titanium aluminides --- grain refinement --- solidification --- inoculation --- TWIP steel --- ECAP --- deformation twinning --- VPSC --- simulation --- industrial ingot --- steel --- dendritic grain size --- titanium --- strain hardening --- anisotropy --- strain heterogeneity --- acoustic emission --- statistical analysis --- collective dislocation dynamics --- Q&amp --- P --- transition carbide --- precipitation --- HEXRD --- TEM --- grain size --- crystal plasticity --- elasto-visco-plastic self-consistent (EVPSC) scheme --- hardening --- dislocation density --- ironmaking --- direct reduction --- iron ore --- DRI --- shaft furnace --- mathematical model --- CO2 emissions --- lattice structures --- porous materials --- 3D surface maps --- finite element --- fatigue --- plasticity --- steel ladle --- non-metallic inclusions --- aggregation --- lateral extrusion ratio --- Finite Element (FE) simulation --- analytical modelling --- plastic flow machining --- back pressure --- polycrystalline β-Ti --- elastic anisotropy --- elastic/plastic incompatibilities --- elasto-viscoplastic self-consistent scheme (EVPSC) --- slip activity --- microsegregation --- gas tungsten arc welding --- directional solidification --- FM52 filler metal --- ERNiCrFe-7 --- tip undercooling --- rolling --- asymmetric ratio --- thickness reduction per pass --- magnesium powders --- HPT consolidation --- microstructure --- hardness --- H-activation --- high entropy alloy --- crystallographic texture --- groove rolling --- elastic properties --- non-Schmid effects --- Taylor multiscale scheme --- localized necking --- bifurcation theory --- excess nitrogen --- clusters precipitation --- Fe–Si and Fe–Cr nitrided alloys --- APT and TEM characterization --- metal matrix composite --- in situ X-ray diffraction --- internal stresses --- phase transformation --- nickel-based single crystal superalloy --- lattice mismatch --- in situ experiments --- X-ray diffractometry --- creep --- dislocations --- diffraction --- fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based method --- discrete green operator --- voxelization artifacts --- sub-voxel method --- simulated diffraction peaks --- scattered intensity --- shape memory alloys --- architected cellular material --- numerical homogenization --- multiscale finite element method --- bainite --- martensite --- isothermal treatment --- mechanical properties --- austenite reconstruction --- variant --- magnesium --- self consistent methods --- modeling --- heterogeneous kinetics --- heat and mass transfer