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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

obesity --- diabetes --- adipose tissue --- body composition --- TRPV1 - transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 receptor --- PPAR gamma --- HIV --- hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)

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Salt (NaCl) is a key component of the human diet because it provides the sodium ion (Na+), an essential mineral for our body. Na+ regulates extracellular fluid volume and plays a key role in many physiological processes, such as the generation of nerve impulses. Na+ is lost continuously through the kidneys, intestine, and sweating. Thus, to maintain proper bodily balance, losses have to be balanced with foods containing this cation. The need for salt explains our ability to detect Na+ in foodstuffs: Na+ elicits a specific taste sensation called “salty”, and gustatory sensitivity to this cation is crucial for regulating its intake. Indeed, the widespread use of salt in food products for flavoring and to improve their palatability exploits our sense of taste for Na+. When consumed in excess, however, salt might be detrimental to health because it may determine an increase in blood pressure—a major risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases. Understanding how salt taste works and how it affects food preference and consumption is therefore of paramount importance for improving human nutrition. This book comprises cutting-edge research dealing with salt taste mechanisms relevant for nutrition and health.

taste sensitivity --- taste thresholds --- food records --- food intake --- oral microbiota --- eating habits --- taste --- sodium taste --- renin --- angiotensin II --- angiotensinogen --- angiotensin-converting enzyme --- high-salt diet --- blood pressure --- doenjang --- soybean paste --- epithelial sodium channel --- sodium homeostasis --- amiloride --- salt deprivation --- short-term preference test --- salt --- TRPV1 gene --- rs806500 --- dietary --- biomarker --- elderly --- nutrigenetics --- salt taste perception --- taste threshold --- sodium chloride --- metabolic syndrome --- Mediterranean diet --- sodium receptor --- salt taste --- taste transduction --- Korean soy sauce --- kokumi --- umami --- salty --- chorda tympani --- amiloride-insensitive salt taste pathway --- n/a

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Salt (NaCl) is a key component of the human diet because it provides the sodium ion (Na+), an essential mineral for our body. Na+ regulates extracellular fluid volume and plays a key role in many physiological processes, such as the generation of nerve impulses. Na+ is lost continuously through the kidneys, intestine, and sweating. Thus, to maintain proper bodily balance, losses have to be balanced with foods containing this cation. The need for salt explains our ability to detect Na+ in foodstuffs: Na+ elicits a specific taste sensation called “salty”, and gustatory sensitivity to this cation is crucial for regulating its intake. Indeed, the widespread use of salt in food products for flavoring and to improve their palatability exploits our sense of taste for Na+. When consumed in excess, however, salt might be detrimental to health because it may determine an increase in blood pressure—a major risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases. Understanding how salt taste works and how it affects food preference and consumption is therefore of paramount importance for improving human nutrition. This book comprises cutting-edge research dealing with salt taste mechanisms relevant for nutrition and health.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- taste sensitivity --- taste thresholds --- food records --- food intake --- oral microbiota --- eating habits --- taste --- sodium taste --- renin --- angiotensin II --- angiotensinogen --- angiotensin-converting enzyme --- high-salt diet --- blood pressure --- doenjang --- soybean paste --- epithelial sodium channel --- sodium homeostasis --- amiloride --- salt deprivation --- short-term preference test --- salt --- TRPV1 gene --- rs806500 --- dietary --- biomarker --- elderly --- nutrigenetics --- salt taste perception --- taste threshold --- sodium chloride --- metabolic syndrome --- Mediterranean diet --- sodium receptor --- salt taste --- taste transduction --- Korean soy sauce --- kokumi --- umami --- salty --- chorda tympani --- amiloride-insensitive salt taste pathway

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Natural products hold a prominent position in the current discovery and development of drugs and have diverse indications for both human and animal health. Plants, in particular, play a leading role as a source of specialized metabolites with medical effects. Other organisms, such as marine and terrestrial animals and microorganisms, produce very important drug candidate molecules. Specialized metabolites from these varied natural sources can be used directly as bioactive compounds or drug precursors. In addition, due to their broad chemical diversity, they can act as drug prototypes and/or be used as pharmacological tools for different targets. Some examples of natural metabolites that have been developed into useful medical drug are cardiotonic digoxin from Digitalis sp., antimalarial artemisinin from Artemisia annua, anti-cancer taxol from Taxus sp., or podophyllotoxin from Podophyllum peltatum, which served as a synthetic model for the anti-cancer etoposide. The study of natural products is still attracting great scientific attention and their current importance, as a valuable lead for drug discovery, is undebatable. I cordially invite authors to contribute original articles, as well as survey articles, that give the readers of Molecules **MOLECULES NEEDS TO BE ITALICIZED** updated and new perspectives on natural products in drug discovery, including but not limited to natural sources, identification and separation of bioactive phytochemicals, standardization, new biological targets, pre-clinical and clinical trials, pharmacological effects/side effects, and bioassays.

dihydrochalcones --- cytotoxicity-guided --- n/a --- harpagoside --- biotechnology --- synergy --- Imperata cylindrica --- 5?-dimethylchalcone (DMC) --- antioxidant activity --- marine resources --- phenolic derivatives --- secondary metabolites --- antimicrobial agents --- antimicrobial resistance --- metabolomics --- Humulus lupulus --- chromatography --- stereochemistry --- FSE --- cytokines --- cytotoxic activity --- glutamate --- angiogenesis --- traditional medicine --- Ca2+ --- L6 cell --- human colon cancer cell lines --- siphonous green algae --- anti-inflammatory activity --- Phyllanthus chamacristoides --- spectroscopic analysis --- Physcomitrella patens --- Leishmania mexicana mexicana --- dementia --- prenylated phenolic compounds --- T2DM --- HPLC-ESI-microTOF-Q-MS/MS --- Eruca sativa --- Dryopteris fragrans --- chemosystematics --- 2? --- cerebellum --- Cleistocalyx operculatus --- inflammation --- multivariate data analysis --- Phyllanthus orbicularis --- HPLC --- cardiovascular disease --- Kv7 potassium channels --- marine peptides --- proliferation --- sulfated coumarins --- Orobanche s.l. --- phenylpropanoid glycosides --- Harpagophytum procumbens --- sesquiterpenoids --- TRPV1 --- Fideloside --- phenylethanoid glycosides --- Cuba --- molecular network --- NMR --- ketamine --- aging --- GLUT4 --- diabetes --- oxidative stress --- Lamiales --- circular dichroism --- psychosis --- antinociceptive --- immuno-regulation activity --- terpenoids --- NADPH oxidases --- diabetic neuropathy --- spagyric tincture --- H2S --- celastrol --- isolation and quantification --- 4?-dihydroxy-6?-methoxy-3? --- Leea indica --- C-glycoside --- neuropathic pain --- PANC-1 --- glucosinolates --- flavonoids --- bioactivities of natural products --- cardamonin --- isoflavones --- terpenes --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus --- malaria --- artemisinin --- natural products --- devil’s claw --- ACE inhibitory peptide --- pPancreatic cancer --- growth inhibitory activity --- mass spectrometry --- flavonoid --- phenolics --- Astragalus boeticus L. --- proanthocyanidins --- opioid --- Trifolium --- Trypanosoma brucei brucei --- acetylated astragalosides --- Fabaceae --- bioactive peptides --- LC-MS --- Dasycladus vermicularis --- Orobanchaceae --- migration --- glucoerucin --- ESI-MS/MS --- cancer --- zebrafish --- antihypertensive --- Bacopa monnieri --- chemical derivatization --- hypertension --- devil's claw

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Membranes play an enormous role in our life. Biological cell membranes control the fluxes of substances in and out of cells. Artificial membranes are widely used in numerous applications including “green” separation processes in chemistry, agroindustry, biology, medicine; they are used as well in energy generation from renewable sources. They largely mimic the structure and functions of biological membranes. The similarity in the structure leads to the similarity in the properties and the approaches to study the laws governing the behavior of both biological and artificial membranes. In this book, some physico-chemical and chemico-physical aspects of the structure and behavior of biological and artificial membranes are investigated.

Technology: general issues --- ion exchange membranes --- profiled membranes --- corrugated membranes --- electrodialysis --- reverse electrodialysis --- membrane capacitive deionization --- hydrodynamic --- mass transfer --- thermal pressing --- 3D printing --- acid whey --- pulsed electric field --- demineralization --- scaling --- lactic acid removal --- ion exchange membrane --- profiled membrane --- CFD --- pressure drop --- structural mechanics --- fluid-structure interaction --- whey --- pulsed electrodialysis reversal --- fouling --- electrodialysis with filtration membrane (EDFM) --- triple size-selective separation --- glucose uptake --- bioassay-guided validation --- bioactive peptides --- electro-convective instability --- overlimiting current --- concentration polarisation --- particle tracking --- biomimetic membrane --- ion pair amphiphile --- cholesterol --- molecular dynamics --- water permeation --- air-pollutant nanoparticle --- coarse-grained model --- interaction --- molecular dynamics simulation --- pulmonary surfactant monolayer --- PP membrane --- O2 plasma --- TiO2 nanoparticles --- UV treatment --- hydrophilicity --- biopolymer electrolyte membranes --- XRD analysis --- FTIR study --- Morphology --- Impedance study --- EDLC fabrication --- LaPO4: Ce --- Tb --- ionic liquid --- supported liquid membrane --- photoluminescence --- hyperbranched polymer --- crosslinking --- alkaline fuel cells --- ionic conductivity --- water swelling --- ion-exchange membranes --- ion-exchange particles --- heterogeneity --- electrokinetics --- current–voltage curves --- ion-exchange membrane --- Fujifilm --- Neosepta --- phosphate transport --- limiting current density --- voltammetry --- zinc–air battery --- separator --- hydroxide exchange membrane --- anion-exchange membrane --- ionic channel --- polyphenylene oxide --- polymer inclusion membrane --- ionic liquids --- volatile fatty acids (VFAs) --- acetic acids --- hexanoic acids --- anomalous water diffusion --- computer simulations --- ion channel gating --- nano-size water pore --- physico-chemical properties of confined water --- protein-water interactions --- TRPV1 channel permeability for water --- water dynamics --- water H-bonding --- NETs --- inner nuclear membrane --- outer nuclear membrane --- nuclear envelope --- polymer blends --- impedance study --- dielectric properties --- electric modulus study --- loss tangent peaks --- ion transport parameters --- Trukhan model --- salinity gradient power --- concentration difference --- electrolyte composition --- n/a --- current-voltage curves --- zinc-air battery