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Relation between energy and economics --- Building materials. Building technology --- Private houses --- thermal efficiency --- houses --- thermal insulation --- Belgium

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SOLAR ENERGY --- SOLAR HEATING --- HOUSES --- CONSUMPTION --- HEAT LOSS --- HEAT STORAGE --- WATER HEATERS --- SOLAR ENERGY CONCENTRATORS --- THERMAL EFFICIENCY --- THERMAL MEASUREMENTS --- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN --- CONSUMPTION RATE --- ACCUMULATORS

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The economical and efficient recovery of waste heat produced by industrial processes (such as chemical and petrochemical, food, pharmaceutical, energetics) and processes and applications in the municipal sphere (such as waste incinerators, heating plants, laundries, hospitals, server rooms) are priorities and challenges. This Special Issue focuses on heat exchangers as key and essential equipment for the practical realization of these challenges. The purpose of this Special Issue is to outline the latest insights and innovative and/or enhanced solutions from the design, production, operation, and maintenance points of view of heat exchangers in different applications of effective waste heat utilization.

waste heat recovery --- Organic Rankine Cycle --- turbo-compound --- brake specific fuel consumption --- engine thermal efficiency --- shell-and-tube heat exchanger --- disc-and-doughnut baffles --- segmental baffles --- multi-objective configuration optimization --- genetic algorithm --- computational fluid dynamics --- symmetric successive overrelaxation --- preconditioning --- performance --- cylindrical shape heat source --- thermoelectric generator --- radiative heat exchanger --- numerical analysis --- industrial experiment --- annular radiator --- performance calculation --- configuration optimization --- heat transfer unit --- plate-and-fin heat exchanger --- nondominated sorted genetic algorithm-II

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Primary and secondary solar concentrators are of vital importance for advanced solar energy and solar laser researches. Some of the most recent developments in primary and secondary solar concentrators were firstly presented. A novel three-dimensional elliptical-shaped Fresnel lens analytical model was put forward to maximize the solar concentration ratio of Fresnel-lens-based solar concentrators. By combining a Fresnel lens with a modified parabolic mirror, significant improvement in solar laser efficiency was numerically calculated. A fixed fiber light guide system using concave outlet concentrators was proposed. The absence of a solar tracking structure highlights this research. By shaping a luminescent solar concentrators in the form of an elliptic array, its emission losses was drastically reduced. Simple conical secondary concentrator was effective for thermal applications. New progresses in solar-pumped lasers by NOVA University of Lisbon were presented. By adopting a rectangular fused silica light guide, 40 W maximum solar laser power was emitted from a single Ce:Nd:YAG rod. An aspheric fused silica secondary concentrator and a small diameter Ce:Nd:YAG rod were essential for attaining 4.5 % record solar-to-laser power conversion efficiency. A novel solar concentrator design for the efficient production of doughnut-shaped and top-hat solar laser beams were also reported. More importantly, a novel solar concentrator approach for the emission of 5 kW-class TEM00 mode solar laser beams from one megawatt solar furnace was put forward at the end of this book, revealing promising future for solar-pumped lasers.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- luminescent solar concentrator --- solar spectrum splitter --- power generation in space --- microalgae --- beam merging --- multirod --- Nd:YAG --- solar furnace --- solar flux homogenizer --- solar laser --- TEM00-mode --- solar pumping --- twisted light guide --- top hat --- doughnut-shaped --- nanofluid --- conical concentrator system --- performance comparison --- thermal efficiency --- Fresnel lens --- Gaussian source --- groove number --- solar flux --- optical efficiency --- full width at half maximum --- concentrator --- light guide --- optical fiber solar system --- solar daylighting --- laser --- parabolic mirror --- solar concentrator --- collecting efficiency --- conical solar concentrator --- performance analysis --- solar energy --- Ce:Nd:YAG --- aspherical lens --- side-pumped --- uniformity --- light-guide --- homogenizer --- solar-pumped laser --- laser efficiency

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The world’s energy demand is still growing, partly due to the rising population, partly to increasing personal needs. This growing demand has to be met without increasing (or preferably, by decreasing) the environmental impact. One of the ways to do so is the use of existing low-temperature heat sources for producing electricity, such as using power plants based on the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) . In ORC power plants, instead of the traditional steam, the vapor of organic materials (with low boiling points) is used to turn heat to work and subsequently to electricity. These units are usually less efficient than steam-based plants; therefore, they should be optimized to be technically and economically feasible. The selection of working fluid for a given heat source is crucial; a particular working fluid might be suitable to harvest energy from a 90 ℃ geothermal well but would show disappointing performance for well with a 80 ℃ head temperature. The ORC working fluid for a given heat source is usually selected from a handful of existing fluids by trial-and-error methods; in this collection, we demonstrate a more systematic method based on physical and chemical criteria.

adiabatic expansion --- isentropic expansion --- T-s diagram --- working fluid classification --- optimization --- single-screw expander --- vapor–liquid two-phase expansion --- thermal efficiency --- net work output --- heat exchange load of condenser --- cis-butene --- HFO-1234ze(E) --- ORC working fluids --- temperature–entropy saturation curve --- saturation properties --- wet and dry fluids --- ideal-gas heat capacity --- Rankine cycle --- ORC --- biomass --- fluid mixtures --- hydrocarbons --- working fluid --- selection method --- volumetric expander --- thermodynamic analysis --- wet zeotropic mixture --- single screw expander --- organic Rankine cycle --- R441A --- R436B --- R432A --- T–s diagram --- molecular degree of freedom