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Autoimmunity --- T-cell receptors --- Animal.

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle crucial to many cellular functions and processes, including the mounting of T-cell immune responses. Indeed, the ER has a well-established central role in anti-tumor immunity. Perhaps best characterized is the role of the ER in the processing of antigen peptides and the subsequent peptide assembly into MHC class I and II molecules. Such MHC/tumor-derived peptide complexes are pivotal for the correct recognition of altered self or viral peptides and the subsequent clonal expansion of tumor-reactive T-cells. In line with the role of the ER in immunity, tumor-associated mutations in ER proteins, as well as ER protein content and localization can have both deleterious and advantageous effects on anti-tumor immune responses. For instance, loss of function of ER-aminopeptidases, that trim peptides to size for MHC, alter the MHC class I - peptide repertoire thereby critically and negatively affecting T-cell recognition. On the other hand, altered localization of ER proteins can have immune-promoting effects. Specifically, translocation of certain ER proteins to the cell surface has been shown to promote anti-tumor T-cell immunity by directing uptake of apoptotic tumor cells to professional antigen presenting cells, thereby facilitating anti-tumor T-cell immunity. These selected examples highlight a diverse and multi-faceted role of the ER in anti-tumor immunity. Molecular biological insights from the past decade have uncovered that ER components may affect tumor immunity and have invoked a variety of follow-up questions. For instance, how and why are ER proteins over-expressed in tumors? How do nucleotide and somatic mutations in ER chaperones/processing machinery affect the MHC/peptide complex and tumor cell immunogenicity? How do ER-proteins translocate to the cell surface? What if any is the potential role of extracellular ER protein in tumor immunotherapy/vaccines, and can they be delivered to the tumor cell surface by photodynamic therapy, anthracyclines or by other means? In this special research topics issue, we welcome basic and clinical research reports covering all aspects of ER proteins in cancer recognition by the immune system, therapy and drug development. We also welcome reports describing new insights into ER stress, signalling and homeostasis in immunogenic cell death in cancer, the effect of parasitic ER proteins on tumour growth, ER protein regulation of angiogenesis. Submission of original research articles, perspective, reviews and topical comments is encouraged. We aim to provide a comprehensive series of articles that will aid our understanding in a new and exiting avenue of tumour immunology and therapeutic development, exploiting a collection of proteins within the ER that are not obvious candidates for immunity to tumors.

Endoplasmic reticulum. --- Tumors --- Immunology. --- Oncology. --- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. --- Immunological aspects. --- Autoimmunity --- Angiogenesis --- T-cell receptors --- genome damage --- phage display --- Aminopeptidases --- Grp170 --- Oxidoreductases --- Vaccines --- chaperones

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle crucial to many cellular functions and processes, including the mounting of T-cell immune responses. Indeed, the ER has a well-established central role in anti-tumor immunity. Perhaps best characterized is the role of the ER in the processing of antigen peptides and the subsequent peptide assembly into MHC class I and II molecules. Such MHC/tumor-derived peptide complexes are pivotal for the correct recognition of altered self or viral peptides and the subsequent clonal expansion of tumor-reactive T-cells. In line with the role of the ER in immunity, tumor-associated mutations in ER proteins, as well as ER protein content and localization can have both deleterious and advantageous effects on anti-tumor immune responses. For instance, loss of function of ER-aminopeptidases, that trim peptides to size for MHC, alter the MHC class I - peptide repertoire thereby critically and negatively affecting T-cell recognition. On the other hand, altered localization of ER proteins can have immune-promoting effects. Specifically, translocation of certain ER proteins to the cell surface has been shown to promote anti-tumor T-cell immunity by directing uptake of apoptotic tumor cells to professional antigen presenting cells, thereby facilitating anti-tumor T-cell immunity. These selected examples highlight a diverse and multi-faceted role of the ER in anti-tumor immunity. Molecular biological insights from the past decade have uncovered that ER components may affect tumor immunity and have invoked a variety of follow-up questions. For instance, how and why are ER proteins over-expressed in tumors? How do nucleotide and somatic mutations in ER chaperones/processing machinery affect the MHC/peptide complex and tumor cell immunogenicity? How do ER-proteins translocate to the cell surface? What if any is the potential role of extracellular ER protein in tumor immunotherapy/vaccines, and can they be delivered to the tumor cell surface by photodynamic therapy, anthracyclines or by other means? In this special research topics issue, we welcome basic and clinical research reports covering all aspects of ER proteins in cancer recognition by the immune system, therapy and drug development. We also welcome reports describing new insights into ER stress, signalling and homeostasis in immunogenic cell death in cancer, the effect of parasitic ER proteins on tumour growth, ER protein regulation of angiogenesis. Submission of original research articles, perspective, reviews and topical comments is encouraged. We aim to provide a comprehensive series of articles that will aid our understanding in a new and exiting avenue of tumour immunology and therapeutic development, exploiting a collection of proteins within the ER that are not obvious candidates for immunity to tumors.

Endoplasmic reticulum. --- Tumors --- Immunology. --- Oncology. --- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. --- Autoimmunity --- Angiogenesis --- T-cell receptors --- genome damage --- phage display --- Aminopeptidases --- Grp170 --- Oxidoreductases --- Vaccines --- chaperones --- Immunological aspects.

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The vertebrate immune system defends the organism against invading pathogens while at the same time being self-tolerant to the body’s own constituents thus preserving its integrity. Multiple mechanisms work in concert to ensure self-tolerance. Apart from purging the T cell repertoire from auto-reactive T cells via negative selection in the thymus dominant tolerance exerted by regulatory T cells plays a major role in tolerance imposition and maintenance. Among the various regulatory/suppressive cells hitherto described, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and interleukin-10 producing T regulatory 1 (Tr1) cells have been studied in most detail and are the subject of most articles in this issue. Treg, also called "natural" regulatory T cells, will be traced from their intra-thymic origin to the site of their action in peripheral lymphoid organs and tissues. The repertoire of Treg is clearly biased towards recognition of self-antigens, thereby potentially preventing autoimmune diseases such as gastritis and oophoritis. Regulatory T cells, however also control infections, allergies and tolerance to transplanted tissues and this requires their induction in the periphery under conditions which are not yet fully understood. The concept of dominant tolerance, by far not novel, will offer new insights and hopefully tools for the successful treatment of autoimmune diseases, improved cancer immunotherapy and transplant survival. The fulfillment of these high expectations will, however, require their unambiguous identification and a better understanding of their mode of action.

T cells. --- T cells --- CD4 antigen. --- CD25 antigen. --- Receptors. --- CD4 molecule --- CD4 receptors --- CD antigens --- Viruses --- T cell receptors --- T lymphocyte antigen receptors --- Cell receptors --- T lymphocytes --- Thymus-dependent cells --- Thymus-dependent lymphocytes --- Thymus-derived cells --- Lymphocytes --- Receptors --- Immunology. --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology

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This open access book explores techniques for working in the field of immunogenetics, i.e. fundamental and translational research into the adaptive immune receptor repertoire. Many chapters are dedicated to lab protocols, bioinformatics, and immunoinformatics analysis of high-resolution immunome analysis, exemplified by numerous applications. Additionally, the newest technological variations on these protocols are discussed, including non-amplicon, single-cell, and cell-free strategies. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Immunogenetics: Methods and Protocols covers a broad spectrum of methodologies for applications in research and clinical diagnostics to illustrate the impact that immunogenetics has achieved and will further expand in all fields of medicine, from infection and (auto)immunity, to vaccination, to lymphoid malignancy and tumor immunity.

Immunogenetics. --- Immunospecificity. --- Adaptive Immunity. --- Immunological specifics --- Serological specificity --- Specificity (Immunology) --- Antibody diversity --- Antigenic determinants --- Binding sites (Biochemistry) --- Immune recognition --- Genetics --- Immunity --- Immunology --- Serology --- Immunological aspects --- Genetic aspects --- The immunome --- Adaptive immune cells --- Antigen receptors --- Immunoinformatics --- T-cell receptors --- Lymphocytes --- Immunogenètica --- Receptors cel·lulars --- Manuals de laboratori --- Receptors cel·lulars.