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T cells.

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In healthy humans, effector immune cells are activated by the presence of pathogens. Various signaling pathways coordinate the growth and proliferation of the immune cells to fight the invading pathogen and keep the host healthy. A portion of white blood cells known as regulatory T cells (Treg) help to control the rapid proliferation of effector immune cells including effector T cells as well as antigen-presenting cells to make sure the inflammation is kept in check. When Treg cells are depleted or undergo loss of suppressive functionality, hyperinflammatory disease results. However, Treg depletion can also provoke and enhance tumor immunity. Therefore, targeting Treg cells is a promising approach for both autoimmune disease and cancer immunotherapy. To attenuate or enhance Treg-mediated immune suppression, it is necessary to find a specific molecular marker that can selectively and reliably differentiate between Treg and effector T cells. Further elucidation of the cellular and molecular processes underlying the development and function of regulatory immune cells will help to establish new strategies for the treatment and prevention of immune-mediated disease.

Immunology. --- T cells --- Differentiation.

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Immunology. --- Parasites. --- T cells.

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T cells. --- T cells. --- T-Lymphocytes --- T-Lymphozyt. --- immunology.

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Naïve T cells get activated upon encounter with their cognate antigen and differentiate into a specific subset of effector cells. These T cells are themselves plastic and are able to re-differentiate into another subset, changing both phenotype and function. Differentiation into a specific subset depends on the nature of the antigen and of the environmental milieu. Notably, certain nutrients, such as vitamins A and D, sodium chloride, have been shown to modulate T cell responses and influence T cell differentiation. Parasite infection can also skew Th differentiation. Similarly, the gut microbiota regulates the development of immune responses. Lastly, the key role of metabolism on T cells has also been demonstrated. This series of articles highlights some of the multiple links existing between environmental factors and T cell responses.

regulatory T cells --- Vitamin D --- helminth --- T cells --- Metabolism --- microbiome