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Why did enduring traditions of economic and political liberty emerge in Western Europe and not elsewhere? Representative democracy, constitutionalism, and the rule of law are crucial for establishing a just and prosperous society, which we usually treat as the fruits of the Renaissance and Enlightenment, as Western European societies put the Dark Ages behind them. In The Medieval Constitution of Liberty, Salter and Young point instead to the constitutional order that characterized the High Middle Ages. They provide a historical account of how this constitutional order evolved following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. This account runs from the settlements of militarized Germanic elites within the imperial frontiers, to the host of successor kingdoms in the sixth and seventh centuries, and through the short-lived Carolingian empire of the late eighth and ninth centuries and the so-called "feudal anarchy" that followed its demise. Given this unique historical backdrop, Salter and Young consider the resulting structures of political property rights. They argue that the historical reality approximated a constitutional ideal type, which they term polycentric sovereignty. Salter and Young provide a theoretical analysis of polycentric sovereignty, arguing that bargains between political property rights holders within that sort of constitutional order will lead to improvements in governance

Liberalism --- Nation-state --- Constitutional history --- History. --- Europe --- Europe. --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Heiliges Römisches Reich --- Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation --- Imperium Romano Germanicum --- S.R.I. --- Sacrum Romanum Imperium --- Svi͡ashchennai͡a Rimskai͡a Imperii͡ --- Austria --- Germany --- Liberty --- Politics and government

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Während die Forschung sich bislang auf die Urkundenproduktion Kaiser Friedrichs II. (1198-1250) konzentriert hat, analysiert die Studie erstmals in umfassender Weise den konkreten Benutzungskontext von Urkunden, die der Staufer für Empfänger in Italien ausgestellt hat. Sie vergleicht das an Schriftlichkeit gewohnte kommunale Italien mit dem bürokratischen Regnum Siciliae und rückt hierbei die Frage nach der Funktion schriftlicher Dokumente in der symbolischen Kommunikation von Herrschaft in den Mittelpunkt. Aus der Untersuchung der ars dictamini, zeitgenössischen Rechtsgelehrsamkeit, Petitionsakte, Urkundenkopien von Notaren, libri iurium und zeitgenössischen Historiographie geht hervor, dass Urkunden über ihre administrative oder juristische Funktion hinaus zugleich auch als Stellvertreter für den Kaiser galten und entsprechend im Kontext unterschiedlicher Praktiken ein wichtiger Teil symbolischer Herrschaftskommunikation waren.

Diplomatics. --- Frederick II. --- Friedrich II. --- Italien. --- Italy. --- Symbolic Communication. --- Symbolische Kommunikation. --- Urkundenlehre. --- HISTORY / Europe / Germany. --- Frederick --- Friedrich --- Friderici --- diplomatics. --- symbolic communication. --- 962-1268 --- Holy Roman Empire --- Italy --- Europe --- History --- Charters, grants, privileges --- History. --- Germanic Rule, Period under (Italy) --- Naples (Kingdom) --- Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation --- Heiliges Römisches Reich --- Svi︠a︡shchennai︠a︡ Rimskai︠a︡ Imperii︠a︡ --- Imperium Romano Germanicum --- S.R.I. --- Sacrum Romanum Imperium --- Austria --- Germany --- Svi͡ashchennai͡a Rimskai͡a Imperii͡ --- Italia --- Italian Republic --- Italianska republika --- Italʹi͡anskai͡a Rėspublika --- Italie --- Italien --- Italii͡ --- Italii͡a Respublikasi --- Italiĭsʹka Respublika --- Itālija --- Itālijas Republika --- Italijos Respublika --- Italikē Dēmokratia --- Īṭāliy --- Italiya Respublikasi --- It'allia --- It'allia Konghwaguk --- İtalya --- İtalya Cumhuriyeti --- Iṭalyah --- Iṭalye --- Itaria --- Itaria Kyōwakoku --- Jumhūrīyah al-Īṭālīyah --- Kgl. Italienische Regierung --- Königliche Italienische Regierung --- Laško --- Lýðveldið Ítalía --- Olasz Köztársaság --- Olaszország --- Regno d'Italia --- Repubblica italiana --- Republiḳah ha-Iṭalḳit --- Włochy --- Yidali --- Yidali Gongheguo