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Who are the civil servants that serve poor people in the developing world? This paper uses direct surveys of civil servants-the professional body of administrators who manage government policy-and their organizations from Ethiopia, Ghana, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan and the Philippines, to highlight key aspects of their characteristics and experience of civil service life. Civil servants in the developing world face myriad challenges to serving the world's poor, from limited facilities to significant political interference in their work. There are a number of commonalities across service environments, and the paper summarizes these in a series of 'stylized facts' of the civil service in the developing world. At the same time, the particular challenges faced by a public official vary substantially across and within countries and regions. For example, measured management practices differ widely across local governments of a single state in Nigeria. Surveys of civil servants allow us to document these differences, build better models of the public sector, and make more informed policy choices.

Bureaucracy, Administrative Processes In Public Organizations --- Structure, Scope, And Performance Of Government --- Survey Methods

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550.836 --- #Hist.Geol. --- Geothermal exploration, prospecting and survey methods --- 550.836 Geothermal exploration, prospecting and survey methods --- #Hist.Geol --- ATLAS --- EUROPE DANS SON ENSEMBLE --- GEOLOGIE REGIONALE --- GEOLOGIE APPLIQUEE --- GISEMENTS --- TECHNOLOGIE D'EXPLOITATION

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This open access book discusses the contribution of sociology and survey research to climate research. The authors address the questions of which behaviors are of climate relevance, who is engaging in these behaviors, in which contexts do these behaviors occur, and which individual perceptions and values are related to them. Utilizing survey research, the book focuses on the measurement of climate-relevant behaviors with population surveys and develops an instrument that allows a valid estimate of an individual’s GHG emissions with a few core items. While the development of these instruments was based on surveys and qualitative interviews conducted in Austria, the instruments were subsequently tested in a set of 31 European countries, revealing the international relevance of such research. The book also concludes with a brief consideration of the effects of the COVID-19 crisis on environmental attitudes, situating the project globally.

Central government policies --- Sociology --- Geography --- Physical geography & topography --- Society & social sciences --- climate research --- environmental sociology --- survey research --- environmental behaviour --- environmental attitudes --- carbon footprint --- climate --- survey methods --- Open Access

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Accurate measurement of stock levels, turnover, and profitability in microenterprises in developing countries is difficult because the majority of these firms do not keep detailed records. This paper tests the use of radio frequency identification tags as a means of objectively measuring stock levels and stock flow in small retail firms in Sri Lanka. In principle, the tags offer the potential to track stock movements accurately. The paper compares the stock counts obtained from RFID reads to physical stock counts and to survey responses. There are three main findings. First, current RFID-technology is more difficult to use, and more time-consuming to employ, than had been envisaged. Second, the technology works reasonably well for paper products, but very poorly for most products sold by microenterprises: on average only about one-quarter of the products tagged could be read and there was considerable day-to-day variation in read-efficiency. Third, a comparison of survey responses and physical stock-takes shows much higher accuracy for survey measures. As a result, the study concludes that this technology is currently unsuitable for improving stock measurement in microenterprises, except perhaps for a few products.

E-Business --- Food & Beverage Industry --- ICT Policy and Strategies --- Industry --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Microenterprises --- Private Sector Development --- Profit and Sales Measurement --- RFID --- Survey Methods --- Technology Industry --- Water & Industry --- Water Resources

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This paper investigates how land size measurements vary across three common land measurement methods (farmer estimated, Global Positioning System (GPS), and compass and rope), and the effect of land size measurement error on the inverse farm size relationship and input demand functions. The analysis utilizes plot-level ata from the second wave of the Nigeria General Household Survey Panel, as well as a supplementary land validation survey covering a subsample of General Household Survey Panel plots. Using this data, both GPS and self-reported farmer estimates can be compared with the gold standard compass and rope measurements on the same plots. The findings indicate that GPS measurements are more reliable than farmer estimates, where self-reported measurement bias leads to over-reporting land sizes of small plots and under-reporting of large plots. The error observed across land measurement methods is nonlinear and results in biased estimates of the inverse land size relationship. Input emand functions that rely on self-reported land measures significantly underestimate the effect of land on input utilization, including fertilizer and household labor.

Agriculture. --- E-Business. --- Education. --- Land Measurement. --- Private Sector Development. --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems. --- Rural Development. --- Science and Technology Development. --- Science Education. --- Scientific Research and Science Parks. --- Standards and Technical Regulations. --- Survey Methods.