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Two weaning diets (C and S) and three weaning ages (21, 25, and 28 days) were compared in a two factorial arrangement to evaluate their effect on growth performance, body composition and caecal fermentation activity of young rabbits. One hundred litters born the same day from multiparous does were used. Sixty litters were early weaned at 21, 25 and 28 days of age (20 litters per weaning age), put in collective cages (nine kits per cage) (W21, W25, and W28 litters) and offered the control diet C (crude protein (CP) : 175 g/kg dry matter (DM); ether extract : 20 g/kg DM; starch : 157 g/kg DM; acid-detergent lignin (ADL) : 60 g/kg DM; digestible energy (DE) : 11.08 MJ/kg DM) or the starter diet S (CP : 173 g/kg DM; ether extract : 41 g/kg DM; starch : 112 g/kg DM; ADL : 51 g/kg DM; DE : 11.31 MJ/kg DM). At 32 days of age, 180 early weaned rabbits (three rabbits from each of the 60 litters above) were selected : 60 animals were slaughtered; 120 animals were placed into individual cages and offered a fattening diet (CP : 166 g/kg DM; ether extract : 23 g/kg DM; starch : 177 g/kg DM; ADL : 49 g/kg DM; DE : 11.26 MJ/kg DM) from 32 to 56 days of age. At 56 days of age, another 60 representative rabbits were slaughtered. The administration of diet S to the early weaned rabbits increased litter weight at 32 days (6160 v. 6027 g; P < 0.05) and gain to food ratio from weaning to 32 days (752 v. 666 g/kg; P < 0.001) compared with diet C. Moreover, empty bodies (EB) of S rabbits were fatter (fat : 45 v. 41 g/kg; P = 0.01) and had greater energy content (5.92 v. 5.71 MJ/ kg; P < 0.01). At 56 days of age, no residual effect of the diet was recorded. Weaning age affected growth performance, body composition and caecal fermentation at 32 days of age : EB weight (P < 0.05) and EB protein concentration increased (from 164 to 168 g/kg, P < 0.01) while caecal volatile fatty acid concentration decreased (from 71.7 to 53.8 mmol/l; P < 0.01) when weaning age was increased from 21 to 28 d

Activity. --- Age at weaning. --- Age. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Body composition. --- Boxes. --- Caecal fermentation. --- Cage. --- Control. --- Diet. --- Digestive capacity. --- Early weaning. --- Energy. --- Excretion. --- Fat. --- Feed-intake. --- Feeding. --- Fiber. --- Food. --- Growing rabbit. --- Growth-performance. --- Growth. --- Nitrogen. --- Pattern. --- Performance. --- Protein. --- Rabbit. --- Rabbits. --- Retention. --- Substitution. --- Sugar-beet pulp. --- Time. --- Weaning age. --- Weaning diet. --- Weaning. --- Weight. --- Young.

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Some terms, such as eco-friendly, circular economy and green technologies, have remained in our vocabulary, because the truth is that mankind is altering the planet to put its own subsistence at risk. Besides, for rationalization in the consumption of raw materials and energy, the recycling of waste through efficient and sustainable processes forms the backbone of the paradigm of a sustainable industry. One of the most relevant technologies for the new productive model is anaerobic digestion. Historically, anaerobic digestion has been developed in the field of urban wastes and wastewater treatments, but in the new challenge, its role is more relevant. Anaerobic digestion is a technologically mature biological treatment, which joins bioenergy production with the efficient removal of contaminants. This issue provides a specialized, but broad in scope, overview of the possibilities of the anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass (mainly forestry and agricultural wastes), which is expected to be a more promising substrate for the development of biorefineries. Its conversion to bioenergy through anaerobic digestion must solve some troubles: the complex lignocellulosic structure needs to be deconstructed by pretreatments and a co-substrate may need to be added to improve the biological process. Ten selected works advance this proposal into the future.

Technology: general issues --- exhausted sugar beet pulp --- pig manure --- anaerobic co-digestion --- thermophilic --- lignocellulosic waste --- anaerobic digestion --- biogas --- optimization --- operating parameters --- review --- particle-rich substrate --- suspended solids disintegration --- disintegration kinetics --- cellulase --- lignocellulosic biomass --- pretreatment methods --- limitations --- hydro-thermal pretreatment --- biofuels --- feedstock and degradation pathway --- AD systems --- pretreatment technologies --- process stability --- codigestion --- rice straw --- nutrients --- recycling --- digestate --- methane --- corn residue --- organosolv pretreatment --- sugar beet by-products --- manure --- semi-continuous feeding mode --- methane improvement --- non-classical parameters --- sorghum mutant --- biomass --- soluble sugars --- dilute acid pretreatment --- one-pot process --- n/a

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The negative impacts of global warming and global environmental pollution due to fossil fuels mean that the main challenge of modern society is finding alternatives to conventional fuels. In this scenario, biofuels derived from renewable biomass represent the most promising renewable energy sources. Depending on the biomass used by the fermentation technologies, it is possible to obtain first-generation biofuels produced from food crops, second-generation biofuels produced from non-food feedstock, mainly starting from renewable lignocellulosic biomasses, and third-generation biofuels, represented by algae or food waste biomass.Although biofuels appear to be the closest alternative to fossil fuels, it is necessary for them to be produced in competitive quantities and costs, requiring both improvements to production technologies and the diversification of feedstock. This Special Issue is focused on technological innovations, including the utilization of different feedstocks, with a particular focus on biethanol production from food waste; different biomass pretreatments; fermentation strategies, such as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) or separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF); different applied microorganisms used as a monoculture or co-culture; and different setups for biofuel fermentation processes.The manuscripts collected represent a great opportunity for adding new knowledge to the scientific community as well as industry.

Technology: general issues --- Biotechnology --- biofuels --- corn --- extraction --- enzyme-assisted --- protein --- soybean --- molecular sieve --- water removal --- rotary shaking --- electromagnetic stirring --- biofuel --- gasohol --- trend analysis --- promotion policy --- regulatory measure --- bottleneck --- synthesis gas fermentation --- volumetric mass transfer coefficient --- Tween 80® surfactant --- gasification --- multi-objective optimization --- bioethanol --- syngas fermentation --- modeling --- sustainability --- soapberry pericarp --- carbonization --- biochar --- pore property --- surface chemistry --- biomethane --- food waste --- co-production --- biorefinery --- bioelectrochemical system (BES) --- carbon dioxide sequestration --- extracellular electron transfer (EET) --- electroactive microorganisms --- microbial biocatalyst --- electro-fermentation --- circular economy --- downstream processing (DSP) --- gene manipulation --- biogas --- compost leachate --- pressurized anaerobic digestion --- ethanol --- simultaneous saccharification and fermentation --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- single cell protein --- pineapple waste --- cell wall sugar --- fermentation --- spent sugar beet pulp --- model --- economics --- pretreatment --- saccharification --- B. ceiba --- biomass --- second-generation biofuel --- bioenergy --- biodiesel --- non-fossil fuel --- empty fruit bunches --- response surface methodology --- central composite design --- biofuel production technologies --- downstream processing --- energy --- bioethanol production --- agroforest and industrial waste feedstock valorization --- microorganisms for biofuel

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Materials from renewable resources have attracted increasing attention in recent decades as a result of environmental concerns and due to the depletion of petroleum resources. Polymeric materials from renewable sources have a long history. They were used in ancient times and later accompanied the development of man and civilization. Currently, they are widespread in many areas of life and used, for example, in packaging and in the automotive, construction and pharmaceutical industries.The aim of this Special Issue is to highlight the progress in the manufacturing, characterization, and applications of environmentally friendly polymeric blends from renewable resources. The following aspects were investigated: (i) synthesis of composites based on natural llers; (ii) chemical modi cation of polymers or fillers in order to improve interfacial interactions; (iii) potential applications of the biobased materials.

Environmental science, engineering & technology --- lignin --- microspheres --- composites --- polymeric material --- fractionation --- porosity --- radiation grafting --- cotton linter --- phosphate adsorption --- dynamic studies --- bio-polyethylene --- barley straw --- thermomechanical fibers --- interface --- automotive industry --- natural fiber --- polypropylene --- stiffness --- curauá fibers --- microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) --- unsaturated polyester resins --- thermogravimetric analysis (TG) --- mechanical analysis --- dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) --- LignoBoost® kraft lignin --- potentiometric sensors --- carbon nanotubes --- impedance spectroscopy --- transition metals --- rice nanofibers --- biocomposites --- casting --- mechanical properties --- thermal properties --- rigid polyurethane foams --- lignocellulosic materials --- filler --- chemical treatment --- mechanical characteristics --- pyrolysis process --- Caragana korshinskii biochar --- physicochemical properties --- adsorption characteristics --- nitrate nitrogen --- bio-oil --- polyurethanes --- hemp shives --- bio-filler --- oil impregnation --- sugar beet pulp --- thermal conductivity --- polyurethane composites --- lavender --- kaolinite --- hydroxyapatite --- high-ball milling process --- antibacterial activity --- wood–resin composites --- unsaturated polyester resin --- recycled PET --- wood flour --- renewable resources --- silver nanoparticles --- n/a --- curauá fibers --- wood-resin composites

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The negative impacts of global warming and global environmental pollution due to fossil fuels mean that the main challenge of modern society is finding alternatives to conventional fuels. In this scenario, biofuels derived from renewable biomass represent the most promising renewable energy sources. Depending on the biomass used by the fermentation technologies, it is possible to obtain first-generation biofuels produced from food crops, second-generation biofuels produced from non-food feedstock, mainly starting from renewable lignocellulosic biomasses, and third-generation biofuels, represented by algae or food waste biomass.Although biofuels appear to be the closest alternative to fossil fuels, it is necessary for them to be produced in competitive quantities and costs, requiring both improvements to production technologies and the diversification of feedstock. This Special Issue is focused on technological innovations, including the utilization of different feedstocks, with a particular focus on biethanol production from food waste; different biomass pretreatments; fermentation strategies, such as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) or separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF); different applied microorganisms used as a monoculture or co-culture; and different setups for biofuel fermentation processes.The manuscripts collected represent a great opportunity for adding new knowledge to the scientific community as well as industry.

biofuels --- corn --- extraction --- enzyme-assisted --- protein --- soybean --- molecular sieve --- water removal --- rotary shaking --- electromagnetic stirring --- biofuel --- gasohol --- trend analysis --- promotion policy --- regulatory measure --- bottleneck --- synthesis gas fermentation --- volumetric mass transfer coefficient --- Tween 80® surfactant --- gasification --- multi-objective optimization --- bioethanol --- syngas fermentation --- modeling --- sustainability --- soapberry pericarp --- carbonization --- biochar --- pore property --- surface chemistry --- biomethane --- food waste --- co-production --- biorefinery --- bioelectrochemical system (BES) --- carbon dioxide sequestration --- extracellular electron transfer (EET) --- electroactive microorganisms --- microbial biocatalyst --- electro-fermentation --- circular economy --- downstream processing (DSP) --- gene manipulation --- biogas --- compost leachate --- pressurized anaerobic digestion --- ethanol --- simultaneous saccharification and fermentation --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- single cell protein --- pineapple waste --- cell wall sugar --- fermentation --- spent sugar beet pulp --- model --- economics --- pretreatment --- saccharification --- B. ceiba --- biomass --- second-generation biofuel --- bioenergy --- biodiesel --- non-fossil fuel --- empty fruit bunches --- response surface methodology --- central composite design --- biofuel production technologies --- downstream processing --- energy --- bioethanol production --- agroforest and industrial waste feedstock valorization --- microorganisms for biofuel