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This study examines trends in school dropout at the upper secondary education level across Latin America over the past two decades, and attempts to identify factors influencing these rates. The methodology contributes to the existing literature by employing repeated cross sections of data to track the life cycle path of representative groups of individuals belonging to a birth cohort, by constructing and analyzing a synthetic data base of household survey data from 18 countries. A key finding is that while upper secondary enrollment rates increased in the region, the proportion of upper secondary age youth dropping out of school has remained persistently high, despite relatively favorable macroeconomic conditions. Furthermore, the study traces the moment in the life cycle at which the majority of dropout takes place to reveal differences between countries. Finally, to explain the trends in upper secondary dropout rates, the study examines the impact of three groups of factors: (i) shifts in the cohort size and socioeconomic composition of the population eligible for entering upper secondary education; (b) the macroeconomic environment and labor market opportunities; and (c) the returns to schooling. A series of regressions shows that an important factor that may be driving higher dropout levels has been the higher numbers of students from poor socioeconomic backgrounds reaching the upper secondary level. In addition, high returns to education have been a pull factor into the schooling system, while, especially in countries where the majority of youth dropout early (prior to upper secondary education), the data confirm an apparent substitution effect due to the opportunity cost of forgoing employment opportunities. Overall, the findings confirm the importance of policy makers' focus on upper secondary education across Latin America and suggest implications for focusing the policy agenda.

Dropout --- Dropout Rates --- Education --- Education for All --- Education Policy --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Household Surveys --- Income Effect --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Public Policy --- Returns to Education --- Secondary Education --- Substitution Effect

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This paper examines the impact of two crises on the global apparel value chain: the World Trade Organization phase-out of the quota system for textiles and apparel in 2005, which provided access for many poor and small export-oriented economies to the markets of industrialized countries, and the current economic recession that has lowered demand for apparel exports and led to massive unemployment across the industry's supply chain. An overarching trend has been the process of global consolidation, whereby leading apparel suppliers (countries and firms alike) have strengthened their positions in the industry. On the country side, China has been the big winner, although Bangladesh, India, and Vietnam have also continued to expand their roles in the industry. On the firm side, the quota phase-out and economic recession have accelerated the ongoing shift to more streamlined global supply chains, in which lead firms desire to work with fewer, larger, and more capable suppliers that are strategically located around the world. The paper concludes with recommendations for how developing countries as well as textile and apparel suppliers can adjust to the crisis.

Access to Markets --- Brand --- Domestic market --- Domestic markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging markets --- Export markets --- Finished product --- Free Trade --- International Economics and Trade --- International trade --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market share --- Marketing --- Markets and Market Access --- Purchasing --- Retail --- Sale --- Sales --- Social Protections and Labor --- Spread --- Substitution --- Substitution effect --- Supplier --- Suppliers --- Supply chain --- Supply chains

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This paper examines the impact of two crises on the global apparel value chain: the World Trade Organization phase-out of the quota system for textiles and apparel in 2005, which provided access for many poor and small export-oriented economies to the markets of industrialized countries, and the current economic recession that has lowered demand for apparel exports and led to massive unemployment across the industry's supply chain. An overarching trend has been the process of global consolidation, whereby leading apparel suppliers (countries and firms alike) have strengthened their positions in the industry. On the country side, China has been the big winner, although Bangladesh, India, and Vietnam have also continued to expand their roles in the industry. On the firm side, the quota phase-out and economic recession have accelerated the ongoing shift to more streamlined global supply chains, in which lead firms desire to work with fewer, larger, and more capable suppliers that are strategically located around the world. The paper concludes with recommendations for how developing countries as well as textile and apparel suppliers can adjust to the crisis.

Access to Markets --- Brand --- Domestic market --- Domestic markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging markets --- Export markets --- Finished product --- Free Trade --- International Economics and Trade --- International trade --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market share --- Marketing --- Markets and Market Access --- Purchasing --- Retail --- Sale --- Sales --- Social Protections and Labor --- Spread --- Substitution --- Substitution effect --- Supplier --- Suppliers --- Supply chain --- Supply chains

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In this book Daniel Hamermesh provides the first comprehensive picture of the disparate field of labor demand. The author reviews both the static and dynamic theories of labor demand, and provides evaluative summaries of the available empirical research in these two subject areas. Moreover, he uses both theory and evidence to establish a generalized framework for analyzing the impact of policies such as minimum wages, payroll taxes, job- security measures, unemployment insurance, and others. Covering every aspect of labor demand, this book uses material from a wide range of countries.

331.52 --- Labor demand --- Labor market --- Employees --- Market, Labor --- Supply and demand for labor --- Markets --- Demand, Labor --- Demand for labor --- 331.52 Arbeidsmarktstructuur. Vraag en aanbod op de arbeidsmarkt. Spreiding van arbeidsplaatsen. Spreiden van arbeidskrachten. Tewerkstellingsgraad --- Arbeidsmarktstructuur. Vraag en aanbod op de arbeidsmarkt. Spreiding van arbeidsplaatsen. Spreiden van arbeidskrachten. Tewerkstellingsgraad --- Supply and demand --- Labor demand. --- 331.526 --- 331.123 --- Levels of employment. Employment situation, conditions --- #A9402E --- 331.526 Levels of employment. Employment situation, conditions --- 332.630 --- 332.691 --- AA / International- internationaal --- Strijd tegen de werkloosheid: algemeen. Theorie en beleid van de werkgelegenheid. Volledige werkgelegenheid --- Evolutie van de arbeidsmarkt --- Labour market --- Labor market. --- Marché du travail --- Mercado de trabajo. --- Cobb–Douglas production function. --- Comparative advantage. --- Compensating differential. --- Contract curve. --- Cost curve. --- Demand For Labor. --- Demand response. --- Derived demand. --- Developed country. --- Developing country. --- Earnings. --- Economic cost. --- Economic efficiency. --- Economic forces. --- Economic interventionism. --- Economics. --- Efficiency wage. --- Efficiency. --- Elasticity of intertemporal substitution. --- Elasticity of substitution. --- Employment. --- Endogenous growth theory. --- Estimation. --- Excess supply. --- Externality. --- Factor cost. --- Factor price. --- Implicit cost. --- Income elasticity of demand. --- Indifference curve. --- Induced innovation. --- Inelastic. --- Inflation. --- Instrumental variable. --- Investment goods. --- Isoquant. --- Job security. --- John Haltiwanger. --- Labour supply. --- Law of demand. --- Layoff. --- Living wage. --- Long run and short run. --- Mandatory retirement. --- Manufacturing in the United States. --- Marginal cost. --- Marginal product. --- Marginal rate of substitution. --- Marginal rate of technical substitution. --- Maximum wage. --- Minimum wage. --- Monopsony. --- Neoclassical economics. --- Net Change. --- Net investment. --- New Keynesian economics. --- Oligopoly. --- Outsourcing. --- Partial equilibrium. --- Payroll tax. --- Phillips curve. --- Present value. --- Price Change. --- Price elasticity of demand. --- Price elasticity of supply. --- Production function. --- Productive efficiency. --- Productivity. --- Profit (economics). --- Profit maximization. --- Real business-cycle theory. --- Real versus nominal value (economics). --- Real wages. --- Recession. --- Reservation wage. --- Response Lag. --- Risk aversion. --- Scarcity. --- Shephard's lemma. --- Shortage. --- Stephen Nickell. --- Subsidy. --- Substitution effect. --- Supply (economics). --- Supply and demand. --- Supply shock. --- Tax incidence. --- Tax. --- Theory of the firm. --- Time preference. --- Total cost. --- Total factor productivity. --- Trade barrier. --- Unemployment in the United States. --- Unemployment. --- Utility. --- Utilization. --- Variable cost. --- Wage.