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Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects 1.5% of the global population over 65 years of age. The hallmark feature of this disease is the degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and a consequent striatal dopamine deficiency. The pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease remains unclear. Despite tremendous growth in recent years in our knowledge of the molecular basis of Parkinson's Disease and the molecular pathways of cell death important questions remain regarding why are substantia nigra cells especially vulnerable, which mechanisms underlie progressive cell loss or what do Lewy bodies or alpha-synuclein reveal about disease progression. Understanding the different vulnerability of the dopaminergic neurons from midbrain regions and the mechanisms whereby pathology becomes widespread are primary objectives of basic and clinical research in Parkinson's Disease. This e-Book discusses the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease, presenting a series of papers that provide up-to-date, state-of-the-art information on molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the neurodegeneration process in the disease, the role of activation of functional anatomical organization of the basal ganglia and in particular habitual vs goal directed systems as a factor of neuronal vulnerability, the possibility that Parkinson's Disease coulb be a prion disease and how genetic factors linked to familial and sporadic forms of PD. We hope that this e-Book will stimulate the continuing efforts to understand the cell and physiological mechanisms underlying the origin of Parkinson's Disease.

Striatum --- synuclein --- Mitochondria --- Cell vulnerability --- Dopamine --- Substantia Nigra --- Dopaminergic Neurons --- Parkinson's Disease --- habitual behavior

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Corpus Striatum --- Dendrites --- Dopamine --- Substantia Nigra --- Receptors, Dopamine D2 --- Acetylcholine --- physiology --- secretion --- metabolism

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This book provides a unique and timely multidisciplinary synthesis of our current knowledge of the anatomy, pharmacology, physiology and pathology of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopaminergic neurons. The single chapters, written by top scientists in their fields, explore the life cycle of dopaminergic neurons from their birth to death, the cause of Parkinson's disease, the second most common and disabling condition in the elderly population. Nevertheless, the intracellular cascade of events leading to dopamine cell death is still unknown and, consequently, treatment is symptomatic rather than preventive. The mechanisms by which alterations cause neuronal death, new therapeutic approaches and the latest evidence of a possible de novo neurogenesis in the SNc are reviewed and singled out in different chapters. This book bridges basic science and clinical practice and will prepare the reader for the next few years, which will surely be eventful in terms of the progress of dopamine research.

Dopaminergic neurons. --- Neurotransmitters. --- Parkinson’s disease -- Treatment. --- Substantia nigra. --- Dopaminergic neurons --- Substantia nigra --- Neurotransmitters --- Dopamine --- Parkinson Disease --- Substantia Nigra --- Physiology --- Neurons --- Catecholamines --- Neurodegenerative Diseases --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Cells --- Parkinsonian Disorders --- Tegmentum Mesencephali --- Nervous System --- Mesencephalon --- Anatomy --- Movement Disorders --- Biogenic Monoamines --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Basal Ganglia Diseases --- Amines --- Nervous System Diseases --- Brain Diseases --- Brain --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Central Nervous System Diseases --- Diseases --- Biogenic Amines --- Organic Chemicals --- Brain Stem --- Central Nervous System --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Neuroscience --- Neurology --- Medicine --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Black substance (Neuroanatomy) --- Body of Vicq d'Azyr --- Locus niger (Neuroanatomy) --- Nigra (Neuroanatomy) --- Nucleus niger (Neuroanatomy) --- Soemmering's ganglion --- Dopamine neurons --- Medicine. --- Neurology. --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Dopaminergic mechanisms --- Nervous system --- Neuropsychiatry --- Neurology .