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The change from temporal to cause is one of the well-known grammaticalization paths. This article analyses the change in the Estonian conjunction kuna, 'while; as, because' from temporal to causal one as well as the attitude of the Estonian language planners towards this change. This change has mainly taken place during the twentieth century. The end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century witnessed the prevailing use of the temporal use of kuna. However, during the latter part of the 20th century the use of kuna began to shift, and the use of causal kuna began to dominate. As an intermediary stage between the temporal and causal usages, kuna was used as an adversative temporal conjunction. The impact of this shift in usage of kuna as a causal conjunction has also slightly changed the use of other Estonian causal conjunctions. Initially, Estonian language planners adopted a strict attitude towards the change of kuna, but language planning could not halt this change. For example, editors continued to cross out the causal use of kuna, but they could not increase the temporal use, and this usage of the conjunction hardly appears in the written texts of the 1970s. However, the change was finally accepted in the 1990s.

Grammar, Comparative and general --- Typological (Linguistics) --- Clauses --- Subordination (Linguistics) --- Subordinate constructions. --- Clauses. --- Sentences --- Syntax --- Linguistics --- Philology

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Grammar, Comparative and general --- Subordination (Linguistics) --- Coordination (Linguistics) --- Parallelism (Linguistics) --- Coordinate constructions. --- Subordinate constructions. --- Syntax --- Linguistics --- Philology

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This book connects two linguistic phenomena, modality and subordinators, so that both are seen in a new light, each adding to the understanding of the other. It argues that general subordinators (or complementizers) denote propositional modality (otherwise expressed by moods such as the indicative-subjunctive and epistemic-evidential modal markers). The book explores the hypothesis both on a cross-linguistic and on a language-branch specific level (the Germanic languages). One obvious connection between the indicative-subjunctive distinction and subordinators is that the former is typically manifested in subordinate clauses. Furthermore, both the indicative-subjunctive and subordinators determine clause types. More importantly, however, it is shown, through data from various languages, that subordinators themselves often denote the indicative-subjunctive distinction. In the Germanic languages, there is variation in many clause types between both the indicative and the subjunctive and that and if depending on the speaker's and/or the subject's certainty of the truth of the proposition.

Grammar --- Modality (Linguistics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Subordinate constructions --- 801.56 --- Syntaxis. Semantiek --- LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES --- General --- Languages & Literatures --- Philology & Linguistics --- Subordinate constructions. --- 801.56 Syntaxis. Semantiek --- Modality (Linguistics). --- Subordination (Linguistics) --- Linguistics --- Syntax --- Philology

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This study is concerned with the categorial status of subordinating conjunctions and the internal and external structure of subordinate clauses. Starting out from the categorizations of subordinating conjunctions that prevail in recent generative linguistic theory, namely complementizers and prepositions, and from the division of syntactic categories into lexical and functional ones, the author investigates the lexical and grammatical properties of subordinating conjunctions which are held to account for both the distribution and the architecture of subordinate clauses. Central to this study is the relation between the category subordinating conjunction, the licensing of its projection and the licensing of its complement and specifier position. Part I is concerned with subordination in early Generative Grammar, the rise of the category C and the categorization of subordinating conjunctions. Part II focuses on recent conceptions of phrase structure, the inventory of syntactic categories, the lexical-functional dichotomy and syntactic movement. Part III is concerned with the lexical properties of complementizers (C), prepositions (P), and a third category of subordinating conjunctions (Subcon) which conflates properties of Cs and Ps. This categorization of subordinating conjunctions is arrived at on the basis of the distribution of the phrases they head and the mechanisms by which these elements license their complement and specifier. Cs, as typical functional heads, license both theirs complement and their specifier on the basis of feature checking mechanisms; Ps, as typical lexical heads, license these positions by theta-marking them. Within SubconP the complement is licensed by feature checking as within CP, and the specifier is licensed by theta-marking as within PP.

Generatieve spraakkunst --- Grammaire générative --- Grammaire transformationnelle --- Grammar [Comparative and general ] -- Derivation --- Grammar [Generative ] --- Grammar [Transformational ] --- Grammar [Transformational generative ] --- Grammatica [Generatieve ] --- Grammatica [Transformationele ] --- Spraakkunst [Generatieve ] --- Spraakkunst [Transformationele ] --- Transformationele grammatica --- Transformationele spraakkunst --- Transformationele taaltheorie --- Grammar --- English language --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Subordination (Linguistics) --- Subordinate constructions --- Syntax --- Subordination --- Grammar [Comparative and general ] --- Generative grammar --- Subordinate constructions. --- Germanic languages --- Linguistics --- Philology

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Ce volume est le produit d'un colloque international tenu à Bordeaux en 1994. Les contributions, produites par quelques-uns des meilleurs spécialistes internationaux de linguistique du français et d'autres langues, sont centrées sur le problème central de l'organisation de l'énoncé, entre les relations de dépendance et l'intégration en unités syntaxiques. On y trouvera un fidèle panorama des développements des recherches actuelles en syntaxe, sémantique, mais aussi en pragmatique des énoncés longs et des connecteurs. C'est dire qu'il intéressera non seulement les linguistes et les grammairiens, mais aussi les analystes du discours et de l'argumentation. This volume is the fruit of an international colloquium organized at Bordeaux in 1994. The papers stem from some of the most renowned experts on the syntax of French and other languages, and centre around the central problem of the organisation of utterances between dependency relations and integration into syntactic units. The discussion faithfully mirrors the latest research developments in the syntax, semantics and pragmatics of extended utterances and connectors. It is thus of interest not only to linguistics and grammar specialists but also to scholars working in the field of discourse analysis and argumentation.

French language --- Grammar --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Syntax. --- Subordinate constructions. --- 804.0-56 --- -Grammar, Comparative and general --- -Comparative grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Language and languages --- Philosophical grammar --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Frans: syntaxis; semantiek --- Subordinate constructions --- Syntax --- Grammar, Comparative --- -Frans: syntaxis; semantiek --- 804.0-56 Frans: syntaxis; semantiek --- -804.0-56 Frans: syntaxis; semantiek --- Comparative grammar --- Subordination (Linguistics) --- Grammar [Comparative and general ] --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Syntax. --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Subordinate constructions. --- Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax