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An incisive look at the causes and consequences of the Rwandan genocide"When we captured Kigali, we thought we would face criminals in the state; instead, we faced a criminal population." So a political commissar in the Rwanda Patriotic Front reflected after the 1994 massacre of as many as one million Tutsis in Rwanda. Underlying his statement was the realization that, though ordered by a minority of state functionaries, the slaughter was performed by hundreds of thousands of ordinary citizens, including judges, doctors, priests, and friends. Rejecting easy explanations of the Rwandan genocide as a mysterious evil force that was bizarrely unleashed, When Victims Become Killers situates the tragedy in its proper context. Mahmood Mamdani coaxes to the surface the historical, geographical, and political forces that made it possible for so many Hutu to turn so brutally on their neighbors. In so doing, Mamdani usefully broadens understandings of citizenship and political identity in postcolonial Africa and provides a direction for preventing similar future tragedies.

Africa. --- Alexis Kagame. --- Ankole. --- Apartheid. --- Aristocracy. --- Assassination. --- Banyamulenge. --- Banyarwanda. --- Belgians. --- Buganda. --- Bukavu. --- Burgomaster. --- Burundi. --- Central Africa. --- Citizenship. --- Civil society. --- Class conflict. --- Coalition government. --- Colonialism. --- Colonization. --- Commoner. --- Cultural identity. --- David Newbury. --- Death squad. --- Decolonization. --- Democratization. --- Despotism. --- Dictatorship. --- East Africa. --- Ethnic conflict. --- Ethnic group. --- Ethnic violence. --- Fred Rwigyema. --- Gisenyi. --- Governance. --- Government. --- Hamitic. --- Hannah Arendt. --- Herder. --- How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. --- Human Rights Watch. --- Hutu Power. --- Hutu. --- Identity politics. --- Ideology. --- Idi Amin. --- Impunity. --- Indigenous peoples. --- Institution. --- Interahamwe. --- Jews. --- Kampala. --- Kenya. --- Kigali. --- Kingdom of Rwanda. --- Kinyarwanda. --- Kivu. --- Legislature. --- Local government. --- Looting. --- Luwero Triangle. --- Nation state. --- National Resistance Army. --- Nazism. --- Opposition Party. --- Parmehutu. --- Paul Kagame. --- Peasant. --- Pogrom. --- Political economy. --- Political history. --- Political party. --- Political science. --- Political violence. --- Politician. --- Politics. --- Racialization. --- Racism. --- Refugee camp. --- Refugee. --- Repatriation (humans). --- Ruanda-Urundi. --- Rwanda. --- Rwandan Civil War. --- Rwandan Revolution. --- Rwandan genocide. --- Self-determination. --- Slavery. --- State (polity). --- State formation. --- Subaltern (postcolonialism). --- Swahili language. --- Tanzania. --- Tribalism. --- Tutsi. --- Uganda. --- Victor's justice. --- Writing. --- Yoweri Museveni. --- Zaire.

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In this book Juan R. I. Cole challenges traditional elite-centered conceptions of the conflict that led to the British occupation of Egypt in September 1882. For a year before the British intervened, Egypt's viceregal government and the country's influential European community had been locked in a struggle with the nationalist supporters of General Ahmad al-`Urabi. Although most Western observers still see the `Urabi movement as a "revolt" of junior military officers with only limited support among the Egyptian people, Cole maintains that it was a broadly based social revolution hardly underway when it was cut off by the British. While arguing this fresh point of view, he also proposes a theory of revolutions against informal or neocolonial empires, drawing parallels between Egypt in 1882, the Boxer Rebellion in China, and the Islamic Revolution in modern Iran. In a thorough examination of the changing Egyptian political culture from 1858 through the `Urabi episode, Cole shows how various social strata--urban guilds, the intelligentsia, and village notables--became "revolutionary." Addressing issues raised by such scholars as Barrington Moore and Theda Skocpol, his book combines four complementary approaches: social structure and its socioeconomic context, organization, ideology, and the ways in which unexpected conjunctures of events help drive a revolution.

Social classes --- Class distinction --- Classes, Social --- Rank --- Caste --- Estates (Social orders) --- Social status --- Class consciousness --- Classism --- Social stratification --- History --- ʻUrābī, Aḥmad, --- Egypt --- Aḥmad ʻArābī, --- Aḥmad ʻIrābī, --- Aḥmad ʻUrābī, --- ʻArābī, Aḥmad, --- ʻArabi Pasha, --- ʻIrābī, Aḥmad, --- Ourabi, Ahmad, --- Ourabi, Ahmed, --- ʻUrābī Pasha, --- أحمد عرابي --- عرابي، أحمد، --- عرابي، احمد --- عرابي، احمد، --- عرابى، أحمد، --- History of Africa --- anno 1800-1899 --- Abbasid Caliphate. --- Activism. --- Al-Ahram. --- Al-Mahdi. --- Algerian War. --- Ancien Régime. --- Anti-imperialism. --- Arabization. --- Banditry. --- Before the Revolution. --- Bourgeoisie. --- British Empire. --- Bureaucrat. --- Byzantine Empire. --- Caliphate. --- Capitalism. --- Censorship. --- Central Asia. --- Circassians. --- Colonialism. --- Conspiracy theory. --- Constitutionalist (UK). --- Corporatism. --- Counter-revolutionary. --- Decolonization. --- Despotism. --- Economic interventionism. --- Education in Egypt. --- Egyptian Government. --- Egyptian crisis (2011–14). --- Egyptian law. --- Egyptians. --- Elie Kedourie. --- Emir. --- English Revolution. --- Expansionism. --- Expatriate. --- Extraterritoriality. --- Foreign policy of the United States. --- From Time Immemorial. --- Ideology. --- Imperial Ambitions. --- Imperialism. --- Indian Rebellion of 1857. --- Infant industry. --- Insurgency. --- Intelligentsia. --- International relations. --- Iranian Revolution. --- Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani. --- Jingoism. --- Khedive. --- Labor aristocracy. --- Liberalism (book). --- Liberalism. --- Loan shark. --- Mercantilism. --- Middle East. --- Mirrors for princes. --- Nativism (politics). --- Neocolonialism. --- New Political Economy (journal). --- Newspaper. --- On Revolution. --- Orientalism. --- Ottoman Empire. --- Pan-Islamism. --- Peasant. --- Pogrom. --- Political revolution. --- Politics. --- Poll tax. --- Populism. --- Radicalism (historical). --- Reformism. --- Revolution. --- Revolutionary movement. --- Ruhollah Khomeini. --- Salman Rushdie. --- Sayyid. --- Secularization. --- Social revolution. --- State within a state. --- States and Social Revolutions. --- Subaltern (postcolonialism). --- Suez Canal Company. --- Suez Crisis. --- Tanzimat. --- Tax collector. --- Tax. --- The Imperialism of Free Trade. --- Tyrant. --- Upper Egypt. --- Urban riots. --- Use tax. --- Usury. --- Warfare. --- Westernization. --- Young Turk Revolution. --- Zoroaster.